What kind of emperor was Gaozong in Korean history?

Emperor Gaozong of Korea (1852-191965438+1October 2 1) was the 26th monarch of Lee's Korea and the founding monarch of the Korean Empire. His surname is Li Qixi (see the right table for details), his real name is Zaihuang, and his son's name is Shoufu. He is Di Jun's second son in Xing Xuan compound, and his mother is Mrs. Li Xing Fu Shi Min. 1852 renzi (three years of Zhezong; Xianfeng was born in Zhenshan Square (Di Jun, Xing Xuan Siheyuan) in Seoul on July 25th. 1863, Guihai (the second year of Tongzhi), Zhezong died, childless, and was ordered by the deep queen Zhao to join the Grand System, seal his wings and perform a coronation ceremony. 12 13 is located in Ren Zhengmen, Changde Palace.

Dayuanjun Regent

After the emperor ascended the throne, for the first time in 500 years, the king's biological father Da Yuan Jun was still alive and was in charge of government affairs.

With the atmosphere of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the Qing Dynasty blown to the East, imperial academy took severe measures to persecute domestic Catholics after taking office, and arrested a total of 20,000 Catholics 1.2, including French missionaries 1.2, and 9 of them were killed. This led France to send warships to the west coast of Korea to seek revenge in 1866, which is known as "the disturbance of soldiers and yin and yang" in history.

187 1 year, the U.S. envoy to China asked for the founding of North Korea, which was rejected. American warships demonstrated on Jianghua Island, which is known as "Xin Wei's intervention". These two foreign disturbances ended in the withdrawal of foreign warships. Dayuanjun thought this was the success of the policy of locking up the country, so he became increasingly conservative, and set up a monument of "refusing peace" in Seoul and other places, saying that "foreign enemies invade, peace is without war, and peace is treason, so as to warn our descendants for thousands of years."

Jianghua Island was established.

1873, Emperor Gaozong was 2 1 year old, and announced that he supported the government. In the face of foreign invasion, the new government of China Civil Aviation Consortium advocated abolishing the practice of closing the country to the outside world and restoring diplomatic relations with Japan. However, because the Japanese tried to make North Korea dissolve its suzerain-vassal relationship with China, it was delayed by North Korea. 1in March, 868, the Meiji government responded to Ma Fan's request and still entrusted North Korea's foreign affairs to Ma Fan. Ma Fan was entrusted by the Japanese government to send a notice of "restoration of kingship" to the DPRK, and the DPRK refused to accept the words "Emperor", "courtier" and "honorific title" that only Emperor China could use. Later, the Meiji government sent a foreign official to visit North Korea, but North Korea did not accept Japanese envoys other than Ma Fan. During his stay in Busan, Sata explored the national conditions of North Korea, and after returning to China, he vigorously advocated the theory of "wooing South Korea". In order to urge North Korea to speed up the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea, Japan sent warships Yunyang and Dingmao II to the west coast of North Korea to demonstrate and measure charts, and exchanged fire with the battery on Jianghua Island. History is called "Jianghua Island Incident" (Yunyang Incident). Later, based on the founding requirements of the Perry Fleet of the United States, Japan ordered North Korea to establish a country quickly. The following year, Japan and North Korea signed the Treaty of Reconciliation between Great Japan and Great Korea in Wujiang Hall on Jianghua Island, which was called the Jianghua Treaty in history. The treaty stipulates that North Korea will open three ports: Busan, Wonsan and Incheon. Japanese ambassador and consul; Japan enjoys consular jurisdiction in North Korea and so on. Since then, relevant trade regulations have been signed.

At this time, some people of insight in North Korea have seen the necessity of reform. 1879, Cao lican suggested that Jin Hongji (Jin Hongji) lead a delegation to visit Japan to discuss the opening of Incheon Port, the rice embargo and the revision of tariffs. 1880 When he returned to China, he brought back a pamphlet written by Huang Zunxian, an official of the Qing embassy in Japan, entitled "North Korea Strategy". The book suggests that in order to achieve economic development, North Korea should accept various European systems and technologies, and cooperate with China, Japan and the United States to strengthen its own defense capabilities, so as to deter Russia from expanding southward. The book actually reflected the basic policy of Qing diplomacy at that time, that is, resisting Russia, containing Japan and wooing the United States. Once this "strategy" was exposed in North Korea, 1876 Confucian scholars who advocated expelling Japanese forces launched a fierce movement against the infiltration of foreign capitalism. This movement soon spread among Confucian scholars in Gyeongsangdo, gangwon, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong and Jeolla. 188 1 year, the North Korean government sent a group of young aristocrats, the so-called "gentlemen's tour groups", to Japan to inspect the administrative, military, educational, industrial and technical systems. At the same time, at the request of the Qing Dynasty, another group of 60 Korean youths led by Cao Can I. Jin Yunzhi visited China. There, they mainly learn the skills of manufacturing and operating western weapons. This kind of reform attempt originated from the government itself, so the wave of reform soon spread widely, sweeping not only the two classes and the middle class, but also the whole society. 1882 In May, North Korea and the United States signed the Treaty of Reconciliation between the DPRK and the United States, and North Korea officially opened its doors to the West. After the signing of the treaty, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and other countries came one after another and signed similar treaties.

Break away from Qing dynasty

After the civil aviation group took office, the international and domestic situation was turbulent. 188 1 year, an attempted coup occurred in gaozong, and a mutiny occurred in renwu the following year. The Qing Dynasty sent troops to Korea. Japan demanded compensation for the burning of the legation by mutinous soldiers, and finally signed the Yoshiya Treaty with North Korea. 1884, the Hua Kai faction of North Korea staged a coup in Shen Jia, announcing the independence of North Korea from the Qing Dynasty, but the mutiny was suppressed by Yuan Shikai, the garrison general of the Qing Dynasty.

Sino-Japanese peasant war broke out in Korea in Sino-Japanese War 1894 (thirty-one year of Emperor Gaozong, twenty years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, and twenty-seven years of Meiji in Japan). The two lakes defeated Hong Qixun, please borrow foreign aid. 1On June 3, 894, the North Korean government sent a note to the Qing Dynasty requesting to send troops. In order to compete for control of Korea, the Qing Dynasty and Japan fought the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. On the night of June 26th, 2 1 year, the Japanese army quickly captured Seoul, took control of the king, and forced him to return to the Dayuan military government. On June 23, the newly established North Korean government announced the abolition of all treaties signed with the Qing Dynasty, and North Korea will rely on the Japanese army to expel the Qing army from its territory. In the Sino-Japanese War, he forced North Korea to sign an alliance treaty with Japan and opposed the Qing Dynasty.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, with the assistance of Japan, the new North Korean government set up the "Military Affairs Maintenance Department" and began the internal affairs reform, including abolishing the six military punishments of Cao's courtesy to the government, and setting up eight departments of internal affairs, diplomacy, expenditure, military affairs, legal affairs, agriculture and commerce, educational administration and public works; Waste eight roads and set up twenty-three; The palace is divided, the government is headed by the prime minister, and the palace affairs are headed by courtiers; Abolish the imperial examination; There are also 208 social, financial and cultural reform measures, such as taking advantage of the year when the Li Dynasty was founded, punishing corrupt officials, relaxing restrictions on trade activities, establishing a new monetary system based on silver, and unifying financial management under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance. In unified measurement, all taxes were paid in cash, a joint-stock company was established, judicial power was separated according to the Law on Court Reorganization, and the police force was unified, which is known as the Sino-Japanese War. 189565438+1October 7th (December 16th, 31st year of Emperor Gaozong), Emperor Gaozong led the prince and officials to visit the ancestral temple, held an oath ceremony, and announced fourteen articles of Hongfan, the first of which declared, "Do you really want to establish an independent foundation? Terrier? Call? Hey? Thank you for connecting the river? Hey? Hey? Hey? Is the meal very painful and crisp? br/>；

United Russia to control Japan

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Emperor Gaozong and Minfei Group completely lost their confidence and foundation in China. They saw that Japan was forced to return Liaodong Peninsula to China under the interference of Russia, in an attempt to use Russia to contain Japan. 1In the middle of 895, the North Korean government ordered the arrest of the pro-Japanese minister Park Yong-hyo on the grounds of plotting to assassinate Min Fei, and Park Yong-hyo was forced to flee to Japan. Min Fei is becoming more and more pro-Russian, and Russia's power and influence in North Korea is also growing. In this case, at the dawn of 1895, 10/0.8, Japanese minister Mihura Wu Lou led Japanese soldiers and ronin, took Dayuanjun hostage, rushed into Jingfu Palace, killed Minfei in Gan Qing Palace and set her body on fire, cleared the pro-Russian forces in the palace, and formed a new government headed by Jin Hongji. Jin Hongji's cabinet announced the implementation of the western calendar, and changed the date of 504 1 1 7 to 505 1 month 1 day (1896 65438+ 10/month) At the same time, it also announced the order to cut hair and change clothes for the Korean people. This move triggered nationwide dissatisfaction in North Korea. Taking advantage of this situation, Russian special envoy Weber sent more than 65,438+000 soldiers to Seoul from warships anchored in Incheon. After consultations among the pro-Russian factions, in February, 65,438+065,438+0,65,438+0896, Emperor Gaozong led Wang Shizi out of the palace and asked for asylum in the Russian legation (the event of moving to the Russian embassy). Emperor Gaozong ordered the arrest of five ministers of treason in the Russian Embassy. Prime Minister Kim Hongji collapsed on the day of broadcasting in the Russian Pavilion. Zheng Bingxia, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, was killed by patrol and citizens on his way to prison. Yu Yunzhong, the minister of education who fled to other places, was also killed on his way home. The Minister of Interior, the Minister of Justice and the former Minister of Military Affairs fled to Japan. North Korea established a pro-Russian regime, with Jin Zhongzhi as prime minister and Li Wanyong as foreign minister.

On February 1897, 1 1 day, Emperor Gaozong and his party left the Russian Embassy and returned to Qingyun Palace. They announced that they would change the name of the country to the Korean Empire, the second year of Yang as the first year of Guangwu, the king as the emperor, Wang Shizi as the crown prince, Min Fei as the queen, and worship heaven and earth in the Seoul vault and the imperial vault to honor Guangwu. Since then, in order to establish their interests in North Korea, Japan and Russia have successively signed the Takamura-Weber Agreement, the Shanxian-Luo Ballauff Agreement and the Nishi-Luoxian Agreement to coordinate their respective spheres of influence and various interests in North Korea. The Qing Dynasty established equal modern diplomatic relations with Korea/Korea Empire.

Around 1903, the contradiction between Japan and Russia gradually intensified. Japan advocates "exchanges between Manchuria and Korea", and Japan and Russia occupy Korea and Manchuria respectively. Russia, on the other hand, advocates monopolizing Manchuria, taking the Korean Peninsula north of 39 degrees north latitude as its sphere of influence and Japan south of 39 feet as its sphere of influence, but Japan cannot be used for military purposes. 1904 10 In February, Japan declared war on Russia, the Russo-Japanese War broke out, and South Korea was forced to sign six protocols to help Japan fight.

Japanese rule

After the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese Minister Quanzhu Lin forced South Korea to sign a new Japan-South Korea agreement (the first Japan-South Korea agreement), stipulating that South Korea should hire Japanese financial and diplomatic advisers, consult with Japan before concluding treaties with foreign countries, and so on.

1905, Japan sent tens of thousands of troops into Seoul, surrounded the palace, and forced South Korean Foreign Minister Park Ji-chun to sign the Japan-South Korea Protection Agreement (the second Japan-South Korea Agreement, also known as the Japan-South Korea Protection Treaty), which has five articles:

First, "the relations and affairs between Korea and foreign countries in the future" will be supervised and directed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), and Korean nationals and interests abroad will be protected by Japan's diplomatic and consular protection.

Second, "Japan is responsible for fulfilling the existing treaties signed between South Korea and foreign countries, and it is not allowed to sign any international treaties and agreements in the future without the consent of the Japanese government."

Third, the Japanese government has a unified director in charge of foreign affairs, stationed in Seoul. The Japanese government has also sent directors to various places, "under the command of a unified supervisor, to exercise all the duties previously belonging to the Japanese consul in South Korea and be responsible for the full implementation of this agreement."

Fourth, "the existing treaties and agreements between Japan and South Korea will remain valid as long as they do not violate the provisions of this agreement. 」

Fifth, "the Japanese government promises to safeguard the peace and dignity of the Korean royal family."

According to this agreement, South Korea revoked its diplomatic authority and did not set up the post of foreign minister. In this way, South Korea lost its sovereignty over foreign affairs and internal affairs, became a protectorate of Japan, and actually became a colony of Japan. Since then, a massive resistance movement and the second anti-Japanese militia struggle have been formed in various parts of South Korea. At this time, academic minister Li Wanyong, military minister Li Genze, interior minister Li Zhirong, foreign minister Park Ji-chun and minister of agriculture, industry and commerce were called "the five thieves in the second quarter" by the Korean people.

After the signing of the Japan-South Korea Protection Agreement, Japan's control over South Korea changed from consultant rule to Japan-South Korea unified supervision office rule. 165438+1October 23, the Japanese government announced the full text of the agreement, and informed the governments of various countries that have diplomatic relations with South Korea to request them to withdraw their diplomatic representative offices in South Korea. Before the evacuation of diplomatic missions of various countries, Japan closed its embassy in Seoul, set up a new organ governing North Korea-the Governor's Office, appointed the Speaker of the Privy Council, Ito Bowen, as the first Governor's Office, and the consulates in various parts of Japan were also abolished, thus establishing the local organ of the Governor's Office-the Council Hall.

Shortly after the signing of the Japan-South Korea Protection Agreement, Emperor Gaozong secretly wrote to the heads of the United States, Russia, Germany and France, declaring the Japan-South Korea Protection Agreement invalid. 1907, the second world peace conference was held in The Hague. Emperor Gaozong sent emissaries to The Hague, carrying a personal letter from Emperor Gaozong to the Russian czar and a power of attorney to attend the meeting, accusing Japan of invading South Korea, calling on all countries to support South Korea and declaring the protection treaty between Japan and South Korea invalid. As all participating countries recognized Japan's right to protect South Korea, they confirmed their representative status to Emperor Gaozong. At this time, South Korea's telecommunications rights fell into the hands of Japan, and the inquiry telegram was detained by Japan. When Ito Bowen heard this, he was furious. Both the notice and the letter of appointment were forged. . Japan accused South Korea of violating the protection treaty. Ito threatened Emperor Gaozong and said, "Your Majesty might as well declare war on Japan by trampling on Japan's right to protection in this insidious way." "To resist Japan, you don't have to do it in secret, you can do it in public." Ito also instructed pro-Japanese organizations in South Korea to hold a "one-on-one meeting" to ask Emperor Gaozong to abdicate. Under the instigation and intimidation of Ito, the Cabinet of Li Wanyong held three command meetings from July 6th to18th. At the meeting, Song Bingyou, Minister of Agriculture and Industry and President of the First Progressive Party, threatened Gao Zong: "For your majesty's sake, there are only two plans: one is that your majesty will go to Japan to apologize to the emperor, and the other is that your majesty will greet Commander Hasegawa (Haodao) and apologize to him." Otherwise, it's hard to imagine how humiliated you will be after the defeat. 17, Li Wanyong and seven other ministers forced the emperor to abdicate. On the same day, Japanese Foreign Minister Lin Dong arrived in Seoul and together with Prime Minister Li Wanyong forced Emperor Gaozong to abdicate. The two sides are deadlocked. Emperor Gaozong announced that "the military power will be represented by the Crown Prince", but the Japanese claimed that the North Korean emperor had abdicated. 1July, 907 19, the Japanese army set up six cannons in front of Qingyun Palace in Seoul's Nanshan Wochengtai, and sent Japanese troops to surround Qingyun Palace. Under the close watch of Japanese soldiers, a meditation ceremony was held in Zhonghe Hall of Qingyun Palace. Crown Prince Li Mao acceded to the throne for Chunzong.

After Emperor Gaozong was forced to abdicate, he was called Tai Shang Huang, was monitored by the Japanese army, and lived in Qingyun Palace (later renamed Deshou Palace). With the merger of Japan and South Korea in 19 10, the Emperor of Korea, the Emperor Tai Shang and the Crown Prince were granted the status of Japanese royal family, and the title of Emperor Gaozong was reduced to "Li Taihou of Deshou Palace". 1919 65438+1At 3 am on October 22nd, Emperor Gaozong died suddenly in Deshou Palace at the age of 68. As for the cause of death, the governor of Japan and North Korea announced that it was a "cerebral hemorrhage attack", but there was no pathological report, which was naturally not credible. It is said that it was because Emperor Gaozong planned to send emissaries to attend the Paris Peace Conference, tell the Korean people about the sufferings of South Korea under the rule of the Japanese Governor's Office and demand South Korea's independence. However, this plan was leaked, and the Japanese Governor's Office ordered the attendants around Emperor Gaozong to secretly poison his royal meal. On the night of Emperor Gaozong's death, he drank vinegar to detoxify and was soon poisoned. He said bitterly, "What did I eat? I am so sad. " Soon after, he died, his eyes were red, his whole body was erythema, and he soon rotted. 1 965438+March, 20091day, when the state funeral was held for the late Emperor Gaozong, Korean nationals took the opportunity to mourn the king who had experienced a rough life and gathered in various places to demand the independence of North Korea. It is an important turning point in the "March 1 Movement" and South Korea's struggle for independence in modern times.

After the death of Emperor Gaozong, he was buried with Empress Mingcheng in Hongling, Wancheng.