Who are the foreigners who worked as officials in China in history?

1. Since 1579 (the seventh year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty), western missionaries have been coming to China continuously. By 1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen), there were more than 38,000 religious believers in China, and by 1683 (the second year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty), there were nearly 200,000 religious believers.

These missionaries are knowledgeable. They used western science and technology to win the trust of China officials and people, and combined the dissemination of western scientific and cultural knowledge with missionary work, which was not only beneficial to their missionary work, but also made great contributions to cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

2. There were many missionaries who came to China in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, including Giulio Aleni, Tang Ruowang and ferdinand verbiest. Among them, Matteo Ricci, an Italian, was the first to make great contributions to the cultural exchanges between the East and the West. After he arrived in China, he first lived in Macau. 1583 (11th year of Wanli) went to Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and stayed there for fifteen years. During this period, he studied Chinese, translated books on western mathematics and geography, observed the customs of China, and even grew a beard and hair, just like Confucianism in China.

3. Later in 160 1 year, he went to Beijing to pay tribute to Wanli, and went to Chen Qingbiao to express his admiration for China culture and his famous research on astronomy and geography. After that, he settled in Beijing and began to introduce western learning, preach and translate China's four books into western languages. 16 10 (thirty-eight years of Wanli), Matteo Ricci died in Beijing at the age of 58 and was buried outside Beijing. The tombstone erected by the imperial court praised him as a "refined man".

4. In the early years of Qing Dynasty, because the Pope of Europe prohibited China believers from offering sacrifices to their ancestors with Confucius, the Qing court suspected that foreign missionaries were involved in anti-Qing activities, so it decided to ban them. In A.D. 1723 (the first year of Yongzheng), it was stipulated that all missionaries except Beijing officials were expelled from the country, and people were forbidden to believe in religion. When the Qing court banned religion, the activities of missionaries in China were interrupted, and the cultural exchanges between the East and the West also stopped.

The development of science and technology in China;

Western technology was introduced into China.

/kloc-After the Reformation in Europe in the 6th century, Christian sects actively expanded their overseas parishes in order to compete for power, and China became an important target for missionaries. Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary, came to China on 1582, which became a milestone for modern missionaries to come to China. Matteo Ricci, as a Confucian scholar, interacted with China scholars and gained great favor. With the introduction of these missionaries, western academics and science and technology gradually became known to China literati. In the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao converted to Catholicism because of Matteo Ricci, and cooperated with Matteo Ricci to translate western scientific works. The Elements of Geometry translated by Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci was compiled by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid (4th century BC). Many mathematical terms we use today are derived from this book. Li Zhizao and Matteo Ricci jointly translated Wen Tong Shu Zhi.

Influenced by western mathematics, Xu Guangqi particularly emphasized the importance of "theory" and clearly saw the deficiency of China's traditional mathematics, that is, traditional mathematics works emphasized solving difficult problems without developing theories. Xu Guangqi said, "I know what it is, but I don't know why." He emphasized that mathematics should be the basis of science and technology.

The revival of science in the late Ming Dynasty

In the middle and early Ming Dynasty, scientific and technological research stagnated. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, China scholars made some new achievements, such as Song's Heavenly Creations and Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica.

This book "Tiangong Wu Kai", written on 1637, is the first encyclopedia about agriculture and handicraft production in the world, with more than 200 illustrations of technological processes, which vividly reflects the dynamic craftsman tradition in the late Ming Dynasty. The Theory of Heavenly Creations is not only an analysis and introduction of technology, but also an attempt to explain these technologies with the philosophy of "Qi" in Song Dynasty.

Li Shizhen is a famous doctor. He felt that mistakes in pharmacy books at that time led to the phenomenon of taking the wrong medicine. Since the Song Dynasty, new medicines have appeared frequently, so Li Shizhen decided to compile a new pharmacy book. Results This Compendium of Materia Medica contains 1892 kinds of drugs, 1 1096 pieces of prescriptions and160 pieces of illustrations, and has since become a medical classic. Compendium of Materia Medica not only contains medical achievements, but also contains biological knowledge, especially discusses the influence of environment on organisms, the adaptation of organisms to the environment, and the phenomenon of heredity and related variation. About 300 years later, when C Darwin established his theory of evolution, he found the historical basis of biological variation in Compendium of Materia Medica.

The Introduction and Decline of Western Science in Qing Dynasty

Since the late Ming Dynasty, China scholars have generally held an open attitude towards western learning. During the Kangxi period, the calendar was reformed, and some China officials attacked the western calendar. Emperor Kangxi deeply felt that none of the China officials in the imperial court knew astronomy and mathematics, so he made great efforts to learn western science, such as algebra, geometry, biology and physics. He also ordered officials to compile "Essentials of Mathematics" in an attempt to integrate Chinese and Western learning.

In addition, Wang Xichan (A.D./KOOC-0/628 ~/KOOC-0/682) and Mei Wending (A.D./KOOC-0/633 ~/KOOC-0/72/KOOC-0/A) were both outstanding scholars who integrated Chinese and Western sciences. On the basis of the knowledge of western astronomy, Wang Xizhi put forward a set of theoretical explanations of planets orbiting the sun. Mei Wending will study Chinese and western mathematics, laying the foundation for China to develop mathematics independently.

After Yong Zhengdi took office (1723A. D) Christian missionary activities were banned, priests were ordered to leave the country, and the spread of western learning to the east was interrupted. It was not until after the Opium War that western science entered China again under the escort of warships and artillery, which also triggered the complex feelings of China people towards western science and technology in modern times.

Western learning was introduced to China for the second time.

Starting from the Westernization Movement in 1960s, China began to translate a large number of western mathematics. During this period, the famous mathematician Li Hehua translated a number of works. Due to the Westernization Movement, the country also began to promote western mathematics education in the system, and foreign schools became the base of mathematics education. 1862 The establishment of Beijing Wentong Museum was a milestone, and 1866 increased the enrollment of the Mathematics Museum. 1903, the Qing dynasty promulgated the constitution, and there was a mathematics course from the primary school (7 years old, graduated in 5 years). The university hall (about equivalent to the present university) is divided into six doors (corresponding to the present department), of which mathematics is one. 1905 cancel the imperial examination, and the shortcut for those who want to enter public office is to enter western-style schools. After the early years of the Republic of China, the new academic system was implemented, and mathematics became a compulsory subject for all students. Since 1920s, mathematicians in China have been able to make their own statements in this field after absorbing and digesting western mathematics.

Others, such as western physics, chemistry and astronomy, were also introduced to China in the middle of19th century. For example, Li introduced the three laws of Newtonian mechanics to China for the first time. Xu Shou systematically introduced western chemistry. Li He's translation of Tian Lun systematically introduced western astronomy at that time, so a set of modern western astronomy knowledge based on Newton's mechanical system took root in China. Western medicine also accompanied western missionaries into China, and the church established hospitals and affiliated schools for them. 1854, American J.G. Yoshida and his wife founded a doctor's clinic in Guangzhou, which is generally considered to be the beginning of western medicine China. 1865, the people of China established the Department of Medicine in Wentong Museum. However, unlike mathematics, physics and chemistry, western medicine has never replaced traditional medicine in China. From the early years of the Republic of China, some fierce reformists advocated banning Chinese medicine because of their belief in western science, such as Wang Daxie, chief education officer of Beiyang government in the third year of the Republic of China. The dispute between Chinese and western medicine has not been extinguished so far.

The influence of western learning on China;

1. Religious exchanges:

Missionaries came to China to spread Christianity. Catholicism is becoming more and more popular in China. Can you believe it? More days.

2. Translation:

Stimulated by the spread of western learning to the east, it has become a common practice for China scholars to translate western languages and introduce western science and technology culture.

3. Textual research:

With the introduction of western logic, scholars studied academics with an objective attitude, sorted out ancient books and distinguished authenticity, which contributed to the rise of textual research in Qing Dynasty.

4. Scientific research:

The introduction of western science, with its value of enriching Qiang Bing and improving people's livelihood, opened and closed the field of natural science research.

The picture shows the equatorial theodolite made by Ferdinand Verbist.

The background of western missionaries coming from the east;

Discover new routes:

In A.D. 1486, Portuguese Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. Later, Portuguese Gama bypassed the Cape of Good Hope and arrived in India, which aroused the interest of Europeans from the East.

Religious reform:

In A.D. 15 17, there was a Christian religious revolution in Europe, which split into two camps, the old and the new. The old school lost all its original parishes in northwest Europe, and its priests sought to lose the eastern corner and harvest mulberry trees, so they developed overseas and spread their teachings widely, among which the Jesuits spread the most powerfully.

Thinking about the problem:

Why didn't Catholicism develop in China in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties? Try to explain.

Missionaries from the East in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

Christianity was once very prosperous in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many Jesuits came to China to preach, which caused the climax of the spread of western learning to the east. Western science and technology have opened the eyes and ears of new people and brought far-reaching influence to cultural exchanges between China and the West.

Hurd

Robert Matt (1835—1911) was born in Northern Ireland. The word lupin. 1853 joined the British Foreign Office after graduating from Queen's University in Belfast. 1854 to China. First in Hongkong, I worked as an interpreter for the British Commercial Supervision Office in China, and later transferred to the Ningbo Consulate as an assistant translator. 1858 was transferred to Guangzhou consulate as deputy translator, and served as secretary of the "three-member Committee" when the British and French allied forces occupied Guangzhou. 65438-0859, deputy tax department of Guangzhou Customs. 186 1, chief tax collector of China customs. 1In September, 863, he was appointed as the taxation department of Shanghai. In June165438+1October of the same year, he succeeded Horatia Nelson Lay as the General Tax Department of China Customs. After he took office, he formulated and implemented the system of foreigners managing China Customs, so as to control China's fiscal revenue, interfere in China's internal affairs and diplomacy, and expand the aggressive forces of foreign powers, especially Britain. 1867, American Pu was supported as the envoy of China and sent to European and American countries. 1876 When the Yantai Treaty was concluded, he served as Li Hongzhang's assistant and cooperated with the blackmail activities of the British minister Wade. During the Sino-French War, he secretly helped the French invaders and instigated Li Hongzhang to sign the Sino-French New Testament with French Minister Bartner. 190 1 supported the powers to coerce the Qing government into signing the "Xin Chou Treaty". 1908 asked for leave to return to China until I die. He served as the General Administration of Customs and Taxation of China for 48 years and was one of the main representatives of British imperialism invading China. He is the author of "These are all from the State of Qin": China's essay. 1975, Fei Zhengqing and others also edited and published The General Administration of Taxation in Beijing: A Letter from Hurd, General Administration of Customs and Taxation of China, to James Duncan Campbell (1868- 1907).

Ferdinand verbiest held the post of Qin in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and was responsible for the revision of the calendar.