Complete collection of detailed information of Ifugao people

The society of the Ifugao people The Ifugao people are a nation with a population of about 65,438+million (65,438+0,975), with a relatively large population among the ethnic minorities in the Philippines. From the genetic characteristics, the Ifugao people belong to the original Malay system, mainly living in Ifugao province, and many people live in neighboring provinces of Sabella and Nova Biscay. The Ifugao people are most proud of the terraced fields they have worked so hard to cultivate on the winding mountains, which are comparable in scale to the seven wonders of the world. They built the terraced fields all the way to the mid-level of 1, 500 meters above sea level.

Chinese name: mbth, Ifugao: Ifugao's main place of residence: Ifugao province type: Introduction of Malay type of Mongolian race, item name, introduction, overview, general situation, terrace culture of Ifugao people, introduction of item name Ifugao people (IFugao people) According to genetic characteristics, Ifugao people belong to the original Malay family, mainly living in Ifugao province, and many people live in neighboring Sabella. The Ifugao people are most proud of the terraced fields they have worked so hard to cultivate on the winding mountains, which are comparable in scale to the seven wonders of the world. They built the terraced fields all the way to the mid-level of 1, 500 meters above sea level. Summarize the Filipinos in Southeast Asia. Mainly distributed in the northern mountainous area of Luzon Island. Belonging to the Malay type of Mongolian race, mixed with black blood. Use Ifugao, which belongs to Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family. Nothing to say. Keeping animism and polytheism, there are male priests, offering sacrifices to pigs and chickens, offering sacrifices regularly, and ancestor worship is also very popular. Generally, the size of villages is only about 10 households, which are scattered in mountain valleys. Mainly engaged in irrigated agriculture, planting rice, corn and potatoes, raising pigs, chickens, cattle and sheep. There are handicrafts such as pottery making, sugar pressing, wine making, weaving, carving, carpentry and ironmaking. The Ifugao people are famous for building large terraces, most of which are made of huge stones, and some of them are even built on steep slopes, surrounded by irrigation canals and winding mountains. This project is huge, it is one of the wonders of the world. The Ifugao people are a group living in the mountainous area of northern Luzon Island in the Philippines, and their main economic activity is rice cultivation. They belong to the Malay nation and speak Austronesian (Malay-Polynesian). Although their language is the same as that of neighboring countries, their cultural development characteristics are quite different from those of neighboring countries. 1939 There were about 70,000 Ifugao people, but the population dropped sharply in World War II. 1948, only 50,000 people remained. But in the late 20th century, the number of Ifugao people increased to about190,000. Ifugao people's large rice terrace irrigation system is world-famous, but its project is quite simple. Terraces are built along steep slopes according to contour lines, surrounded by stone walls, and the top is slightly inclined inward, which can store irrigation water and bring benefits into play. In addition to rice, it is also famous for its rich sweet potato, which is the main food of the poor in the foothills. Ifugao people also raise pigs and chickens, which are mainly used for various sacrificial ceremonies or occasions. Ifugao people live between rice terraces every 5? 10 families gathered in a small village. Their housing structure left a deep impression on the early Spanish priests. The construction of houses has the beauty that colorful buildings can be carved without knives, saws and axes, which is the case in every family. The social structure of the Ifugao people is almost entirely based on kinship. Each kinship circle takes one person as the center and extends to the third representative brother (sister) to form a unit. This circle of relatives played an important role in the past feud and headhunting activities. Ifugao people have no political structure and have always relied on marriage and trade agreements between relatives. They recognize the mediation function of temporary mediators according to unwritten law. Those nobles who constitute the upper class of society maintain their prestige by irregular banquets. The religion of the Ifugao people contains a complex theory of the universe, with more than 65,438+0,000 gods belonging to different classes. Whenever they are sick or encounter other difficulties, they pray for the help of their ancestors or other gods, and pray for the gods to offer rice wine or hold a banquet. Banaway Terrace, the terraced culture of the Ifugao people, has a large scale and a long history. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the Filipino people and the legacy of ancient human civilization. Located in Cordillera Mountains near Banaway Town, Ifugao Province, northern Luzon Island. There are 400 square kilometers of terraced fields and five high mountains. Among them, the terraced fields in Banaway, Ifugao province are relatively complete and spectacular, close to roads and also have tourist spots. People used to call these terraces Barnaway terraces. Barnaway is 360 kilometers from Manila. The mountain roads along the way are rugged; The slope is steep and steep, and the cliff is deep and rainy. Here, the mountains are green and the stone canals flow down from the top of the mountain like silver chains. The flowing water in the canal nourished the lush seedlings. The terraced fields in Barnaway are connected with the sky at the top and the canyon at the bottom, with a height of several hundred meters. The green seedlings in the terraced fields have dyed the green hills red. The clear spring water on the mountain can lead to irrigation fields or form waterfalls, and the sound of gurgling is endless. Barnaway terraces have a history of 2000 years. Anthropologists and archaeologists believe that around 200 BC, the ancestors of the Ifugao people in the Philippines used rough bronze tools to open mountains for farmland, and year after year, they finally carved such a large-scale ancient rice terrace with their hands. They also dug ponds from the top of the mountain to store water, followed by mountain springs and waterfalls, and irrigated all the way to the foot of the mountain, making the terraced fields dry all year round. Today, when Filipinos talk about the perfect irrigation system in ancient times, they always take Barnaway terraces as an example and are proud of it. Due to the steep mountain, the largest terrace area is only a quarter of a hectare, and the smallest is only about 4 square meters. Most of the external walls of terraces are made of stone, with the highest stone wall reaching about 4 meters and the lowest less than 2 meters. According to the survey, the highest terrace is above1500m above sea level, and the vertical distance from the lowest terrace is more than 420m. The canal irrigated by Panshan Mountain rises like a giant step, towering into the sky, with a total length of 19000 km, which can circle the earth for half a week. The stones used to build the Banaway terraced fields exceed the ancient pyramids in Egypt, which the Filipino people proudly call "the eighth ancient miracle in the world". Alpes, the neighboring province of Ifugao Province, also has a "climbing stone step", which is not as magnificent as the alpine terraces in Barnaway, but it is also famous. In the terraced fields hundreds of meters below the highway, you can see a piece of flat land from time to time, and there is a tribal village composed of seven or eight small grass houses hidden in the swaying coconut grove. The hut is pyramid-shaped, supported by four feet, with coconut leaves on the top, wooden boards on the walls and bamboo ladders leading to the ground in front of the door. The room is only 16 square meters, and the rest of the cooking is in it. Under the house, women are often weaving. The skulls and horns of wild boar, hornbill and buffalo are hung around the house, which is both a decorative crystal and a symbol of wealth. Ifugao people are good at carving and wearing bright clothes, which are very similar to the costumes of Gaoshan people in China. Ifugao people like to dance folk dances. In traditional religious ceremonies, they often sacrifice pigs and chickens to pray for a bumper harvest. In this tourist area, tourists are also interested in the wood carvings of the Ifugao people. This kind of wood carving is rough, simple and novel. In small shops not far from mountain terraces in Banaoui, people can buy many woodcarving decorations at low prices: portraits of women wearing skirts, woodcarving crystals reflecting the polytheistic culture of the Ifugao people, statues of ferocious faces that can ward off evil spirits, palms that pray for people, spoons and soup spoons that symbolize ample food and clothing, and barefoot shoes that protect people from going out safely and auspicious. At present, the Philippine Ministry of Tourism has turned the mountain terraces in Barnaway into tourist areas, opened direct highways from Barnaway to Manila and Baguio, and built the Barnaway Hotel on the narrow ridge. In the hotel, visitors can overlook the terraced fields and enjoy the beautiful scenery. At the entrance of the hotel, there are two one-man tall statues of Ifugao men and women. In the lobby, balcony, corridor and bedroom, such woodcarving can be found everywhere. There is a swimming pool in the hotel, and three helicopters can take off and land on the tarmac in front of the door, making it as convenient as possible for tourists. The Ifugao ethnic group is one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Philippines, and the terraced field culture has attracted the attention of international historians. Some scholars have gone deep into mountainous areas and studied local culture and language for many years. They believe that in 3000 BC, an immigrant from southern China or Indian Peninsula crossed the ocean and went south, and later entered the mountainous area of Luzon, spreading the terrace culture. Some immigrants continued south to Java and lesser sunda islands. From 1000 BC to 500 BC, the second group of immigrants came here and passed on iron, pottery and weaving. Therefore, in addition to Barnaway terraces, there are ancient terraces in southern Japan, Java and lesser sunda islands. Terrace area is about 1400- 1500m above sea level, with low temperature and strong wind. Rice is harvested once a year, and the yield is not high. In the case of flash floods, particles will not be collected. So for a while, some young people abandoned agriculture to do business, or went down the mountain to make a living, which led to the collapse of some terraces. In the early 1980s, the Philippines launched a campaign to "save terraced fields" in mountainous areas. The Philippine Department of Human Settlements and Agriculture cooperated with the International Rice Research Institute to promote high-yield, cold-resistant and early-maturing rice seeds, which can be planted all year round, and the yield per hectare has tripled. Planting strawberries and wheat in terraced fields, introducing fish culture technology in rice fields, increasing the income of mountain residents, and providing farmers with improved varieties, fertilizers, pesticides and technical assistance have gradually improved the restoration of terraced fields. Thanks to the joint efforts of Filipinos and mountain residents, the ancient terraced fields in Banaoui have gained new vitality.