Three stages of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in Qing Dynasty

In the Qing Dynasty, when the war was still going on and the ruling order of Bashu was unstable, it began to recruit people to reclaim land and implemented the policy of "emigrating to Sichuan". Throughout the Qing government's policy of "moving to Sichuan", it can be roughly divided into three stages, namely, recruiting people to open up wasteland and "returning people to Sichuan", encouraging immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan, and restricting immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan.

During the period of Shunzhi to the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the local officials of the Qing government in Sichuan (including Chongqing, the same below) went to the military camp to recruit people to reclaim land before the end of the war. Especially in the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), the Qing government issued a land reclamation order, which included recruiting people for land reclamation in the performance evaluation of officials. However, the main purpose of recruiting people for reclamation in this period was to recruit refugees, including those who fled the war, defeated peasant troops, defected officers and soldiers, and some of them were soldiers from other provinces. Generally, these people who cultivate land are given tools and seeds by the government, and they are free of grain for three to five years. Volume 256 of the Draft of the History of the Qing Dynasty records: "In the second year of Kangxi, he was awarded to the governor of Sichuan, saying,' After the Zhang Rebellion in Sichuan, the land is vast and sparsely populated, please recruit people to undertake reclamation, and hundreds of civil and military officials will recruit people to cultivate more than ten hectares of land before moving to the next meeting'; Volume 277 also records: "In the sixth year of Kangxi, Yu Chenglong moved to Hezhou, Sichuan ... recruiting people to cultivate land and lend cattle breeds, and the number of households increased to thousands every month. "

The labor force in Bashu area is very short. Therefore, Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan Province, said in the third year of Kangxi (1664) that Sichuanese living in other provinces should "check and go home" (Sichuan annals? Tribute), the Qing government agreed to its request and executed it in parallel with local officials in various provinces.

In order to unite the people's strength, the local officials in Bashu also donated money to raise food to welcome the people who returned to Sichuan for resettlement. However, these measures still failed to meet the demand for labor, so the Qing government further implemented the policy of "emigrating to Sichuan".

At this stage, only 10 years, due to the influence of the war, the effective implementation time is even shorter.

It took more than 50 years from the seventh year of Kangxi (1668) to the seventh year of Yongzheng (1727). In the seventh year of Kangxi, Zhang De, the governor of Sichuan Province, said, "Anyone who can recruit 30 households in this province, once measured and recorded, reached 50 households, twice measured and recorded, or hundreds of people, regardless of their salary, are allowed to be promoted" (Part C of Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties).

Emperor Kangxi approved this proposal, and the Qing government finally got out of the dilemma of recruiting people in the province and began to attract immigrants from other provinces on a large scale. After that, the Qing government successively issued a series of policies to encourage immigrants to reclaim land. In the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1), the Qing government also stipulated: "All candidates are waiting for Tongzhou, Zhoujian and Xiancheng. , as well as the tribute, guo-zi-jian diploma, given the agency title, so that it can recruit unlimited years, regardless of whether Shu people live outside, the provinces are willing to open up wasteland, the unified rate of 300 households. As long as 300 households are recovered, they will be paid and awarded to the county magistrate. All the civil and military officials in this province can recruit all the people, regardless of their salary. In addition, Shu province surrendered to various officials with levy. Once the military service system is established, those supplemented by the consulting department can recruit people to reclaim land in full, and according to the example of meritorious service, the consulting department is allowed to supplement it. Its land reclamation will begin in five years "(Record of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty, Volume 36).

In the same year, the Qing government also stipulated that "quasi-tribute students, Guo Jiansheng and the people should reclaim more than 20 hectares of land. Anyone who tries to understand their words and meanings will be used by the county, and those who cannot understand them will be used by all." More than one hundred hectares, familiar with the meaning of the text, should use the magistrate, unfamiliar readers, should use defense ("Qing literature test? "Tianfu Ershi"). Two historical materials reveal the following information: (1) all civil and military officials, alternate officials, officers who joined or surrendered to the army, famous landlords and gentry or ordinary people, etc. , are included in the scope of recruiting people to reclaim wasteland. The scope of appointment has been expanded; (2) Not only "Sichuanese return to Sichuan", but also mainlanders who are willing to enter Sichuan for reclamation can attract them. The scope of attracting objects has expanded; (3) The criteria for appointment should be reduced from 700 to 300. The standard has been lowered; (4) The duration of the course is changed from three years to five years. The initial period has been extended; (5) Civil and military positions such as Xian Cheng and Bai Zong are also included in the ranks of knighthood. The number of positions granted has increased; (6) Those who have made achievements in land reclamation should also be rewarded and awarded to officials.

In order to stabilize immigration, Kangxi ten years also stipulated: "All poor people in all provinces and those who bring their wives into Shu are allowed to be naturalized" (Daoguang's Chongqing government records? Account "). In the 11th year of Kangxi, it was approved that the children of immigrants "have learned talents, so it seems that they should be allowed to take the naturalization test" (Volume 40 of Records of the Qing Emperor), so the immigrant wives have no worries about their household registration and their children's further studies. In the twelfth year of Kangxi, the period of reclamation was extended to ten years (Volume 44 of Records of the Sages of Qing Dynasty). In order to put an end to land disputes, some local officials stipulated in the practice of attracting immigrants to reclaim land: "Any bid is your own business and you can't argue afterwards" [3]. The government has similar regulations to solve the problem of ownership of land reclaimed by immigrants.

This series of preferential policies for immigrants to fill the sea should be the climax of immigrants entering Sichuan. However, due to the Wu Sangui Rebellion in the 12th year of Kangxi (1672), the Pingwu War lasted for seven years in Bashu area, which seriously hindered the immigrants from entering Sichuan for reclamation.

In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), after the Ping-Wu War, the Qing government once again emphasized the policy of "recruiting people to discuss Syria" (Record of the Saints of Qing Dynasty, volume 96), and once again brought immigrants into the administrative focus of the Qing government. In the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), it was decided: "Anyone who lives in exile in Shu province, who cultivates fields and pays grain as a police officer, should allow their children to enter Sichuan for the examination, taking this as an example" (Record of the Qing Dynasty 149). In the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (1700), "Sichuan has fewer people and more land, and there are many people who cultivate land. Anyone who is willing to cultivate land will give his land to Yongye" ("A General Survey of Qing Dynasty Literature? Tianfu II) has solved the problems of examination for immigrant children and land ownership.

Some local governments have also set up a special recruitment agency-attracting museums. "During the Kangxi period, Ehai, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, recruited tourists to open up wasteland and plant mountains in various border towns, and set up touting halls in many cities" (Frontier Investigation in Three Provinces 1 1).

A series of preferential policies of the Qing government attracted a large number of people from Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Shaanxi provinces. According to genealogy and local records, during the Kangxi period, a large number of immigrants moved into Bayu area with Chongqing as the center.

From the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), it took about 80~90 years for the immigrants to stop on their own.

Due to the large number of people entering Sichuan and the natural growth of immigrant descendants, many problems have been brought to Bashu area and immigrant origin area. In view of this, in June of the fifth year of Yongzheng, Huibo Ma, the governor of Sichuan, summoned: "Any poor people who enter Sichuan should be ordered to seal their local officials. Verify the insertion on the day of arrival. " The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development replied: "It should be as required. Fujian and other provinces, in accordance with the implementation. The governor of Sichuan also turned to the investigation, and those who should be included in the roster should be included in Jiabao, which means that it is impossible to lose (Volume 58 of Records of Sejong in the Qing Dynasty). From then on, anyone who enters Sichuan can have a government seal. Although as early as the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 1 1), it was stipulated that Huguang immigrants should have seals when they entered Sichuan, but it was only for Hunan and Hubei provinces, not as good as other provinces. These measures are mainly for the convenience of strengthening management and preventing being used by traitors to abscond, rather than for limiting the number of immigrants.

During this period, the acquisition of immigrant land was restricted and limited possession began. In the sixth year of Yongzheng, it was stipulated: "There are many people entering Sichuan, so they should be properly resettled. One husband and one son should be a household, and 30 mu of paddy field or 50 mu of dry land should be given; If there are brothers, sons and nephews, each household is divided into fifteen acres of paddy fields or twenty-five acres of dry land; If there are many young people in a household, which are not enough to support their viewers, they will be temporarily increased, and all of them will be given one vote to make them open (Volume 67 of Records of Sejong in the Qing Dynasty). Although the Qing government restricted the amount of land for immigrants, other preferential policies for immigrants remained unchanged and even gave financial support. For example, in the sixth year of Yongzheng, it was stipulated that "every household was given twelve taels of silver" (Volume 67 of Records of Sejong in Qing Dynasty). The contradiction between the influx of a large number of immigrants and the limited land is gradually emerging. In the seventh year of Yongzheng, the governor of Sichuan, Xiande, asked the Ministry of Housing for approval: "All provinces enter Sichuan households and check their origins while reporting classics. However, a fool who gets wind of it is often lighter than a transfer. The mine owner has handed over the fields in Sichuan Province. The future surplus is unknown, so long-term planning is needed. Please give a seal to those who continue to be poor people in various provinces and are willing to open up wasteland in Sichuan Province, and integrate with the customers who have visited first. Such as unlicensed, in addition to their own business in Sichuan, allowed to merge into Garbo, anyone who travels by hand, will be identified and sent back to their place of origin "("Records of Qing Sejong ",volume 79).

This time, it is more clearly stipulated that those who have no jobs or seals in Sichuan will be "sent back to their places of origin", which restricts immigration. So we take the seven years of Yongzheng as the boundary. In October of the eighth year of Qianlong, the governor of Sichuan, Lushan, played, "Except relatives, all the workers who came to Sichuan to help workers are alive, so that local officials in various provinces can give them seals and make them inspected." If there is no local seal, the original pass should be kept well to prevent many people from making trouble "(Record of Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty, Volume 203). After ten years of Qianlong, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi invited "whoever enters Sichuan, give a photo of this province;" "Without a license, stop it." The Qing government also demanded that "Sichuan officials should not borrow money from people who actually have relatives' property and should not investigate" (Record of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, Volume 25 1). It can be seen that the Qing government and local officials are strictly emphasizing the implementation of the "seal photo" system.

In the practice of developing Bashu, the Qing government experienced three stages: recruiting people to reclaim land, immigrants to reclaim land and restricting immigrants to reclaim land. The evolution of these three stages is also implemented according to the actual development process of Bashu area.