How many Shandong people broke into the northeast?

Before the Qing Dynasty, the population of Northeast China was dominated by Manchu, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities, among which Manchu was the majority and Han nationality was almost absent. In the Qing Dynasty, Shandong people can be divided into three periods:

1. 1644 to 1667, the Qing court promulgated the Regulations on Recruiting People for Land Reclamation in Liaodong, stipulating that "those who recruit 100 people will be given the title of magistrate and the army will be given the garrison". In the past 23 years, "there are many people from Shandong who immigrated to the Northeast", and many areas are "blessed with many benefits" because of immigration.

2. From1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs of Manchuria and ensure the livelihood of the Eight Banners, in the seventh year of Kangxi, the Qing court ordered that "Liaodong should recruit people and appoint officials, and stop forever" and implemented a policy of banning the Northeast. At that time, wicker walls were planted everywhere in Shanhaiguan, and the middle was connected by ropes. Manchu soldiers were stationed there to closely guard the pass, and Han people were not allowed to go out. However, this policy failed to stop the refugees in Shandong Province. At this time, the refugees "either carry baskets, help the old and carry the young, or go out to Guan Yu in the east, or cross the Bohai Sea in the east, with ants in groups". For a time, Shandong people traveled all over the vast land of Kanto;

3. From 186 1 to191KLOC-0/After the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the border areas gradually weakened, and Russia continued to encroach on the border areas of Heilongjiang. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of General Tepuqin of Heilongjiang, and officially reclaimed land in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). With the gradual opening up of kanto region, the number of refugees who go abroad to make a living is increasing day by day, and the number of them is aging day by day, while the refugees in Shandong and Zhili are "following the trend" and "going into the Tao all the year round", so that the Northeast eventually becomes an "immigrant society". It is estimated that in the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the population of Northeast China was * * * 184 1 10,000, of which the number of refugees from Shandong, Hebei and Henan was about 1 10,000. It can be inferred that the number of refugees who moved from Shandong to Northeast China in Qing Dynasty was between 7 million and 8 million. "The scale is large, as you can imagine.

During the Republic of China, the number of Shandong people entering kanto region varied from year to year, but it was at least over 200,000, and it was over one million for four years. In 38 years of the Republic of China, the average number of Shandong people venturing eastward reached 480,000 per year, with a total of more than 6,543,800+0,830. According to the research of historian Mr. Lu Yu, excluding returnees, there were 7.92 million Shandong people who stayed in Northeast China during the Republic of China alone.