When did Outer Mongolia go out?

As early as11980s, Russia began to expand its influence in Outer Mongolia through unequal treaties, and regarded Outer Mongolia as its sphere of influence.

19 1 1 year, the Xinhai revolution broke out in China. Russia, which had been coveted by Mongolia for a long time, took advantage of the fact that the Qing government was in danger and had no time to take care of the frontier defense. The Consul General in Cullen (now Ulaanbaatar) came forward to instigate the living Buddha and maharaja of Mongolia to leave China. 165438+1On October 30th, the living Buddha of outer Mongolia, Zhebuzundanba, declared "independence" in Kulun and established "Greater Mongolia". Then, Russian and Mongolian troops surrounded the yamen, the minister of affairs of the Kulun Qing government, disarmed the Qing army and escorted Sanduo and his party out of the country.

Second, during the Beiyang government.

After the founding of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai's Beijing government faced a difficult choice on the issue of outer Mongolia: negotiations with the Kulun authorities were rejected; Military repression was strongly interfered by the Russian government. The Beijing government, which is trapped in internal and external affairs, has no choice but to negotiate with Russia to find a solution to the problem of Outer Mongolia.

1913165438+10, the Russian authorities forced the Beiyang government to sign the Sino-Russian statement. Although the statement also acknowledged that Outer Mongolia is a part of China and demanded that Outer Mongolia cancel its independence, it stipulated that China should not send officials, troops and immigrants to Outer Mongolia. By forcing China to recognize Mongolia's "autonomy" (that is, formally recognizing China's so-called "suzerainty" over Mongolia), Russia actually controlled Mongolia. 19 15 On June 7th, the Russian government, foreign Mongolian authorities and Beiyang government signed the Sino-Russian Mongolia Agreement in Chaktu, Outer Mongolia, confirming and concretizing the Sino-Russian Statement of 19 13.

Accordingly,1965438+On June 9, 2005, Outer Mongolia announced the cancellation of "Independent Great Mongolia". Yuan Shikai, then the great president, canonized the living Buddha of Outer Mongolia, Zhebuzun Danba, as "Hutuke Tuhan" and pardoned those who engaged in "independence". Outer Mongolia practices so-called "autonomy"; But in fact, it is increasingly becoming a place controlled by Russia.

19 17 years, the October Revolution broke out in Russia. Although the newly established Soviet government issued two declarations to China in 19 19 and 1920, it announced the abolition of the unequal treaty between Russia and China and gave up everything plundered from China. But on the issue of outer Mongolia, it inherited the mantle of Russia. Later development showed that Soviet Russia did not want to and did not really regard Outer Mongolia as the territory of China.

19 19 On July 25th (shortly after the first declaration to China was issued), the Soviet government also issued a statement to Mongolia, saying that "Outer Mongolia is a free country, all its power belongs to Mongolia, and no foreign country has the right to interfere in its internal affairs". He also said that the Soviet Union and Russia demanded the immediate establishment of diplomatic relations with Outer Mongolia.

In the meantime, an episode happened:19165438+10. On 7 October, the foreign Mongolian authorities suddenly called the Beijing government to cancel "autonomy" and restore the old system before the Qing Dynasty. Do the feudal forces of outer Mongolia, which became independent a few years ago, really want to return to the big family of the motherland? That's not true. Outer Mongolia originally relied on Russian support to maintain "autonomy." Now that the Russian government has collapsed, the remnants of Russia in the Far East also have their own problems. Mongolia's foreign aid was cut off, which led to financial difficulties, social chaos and people's opposition to "autonomy". Unable to protect themselves, the Cullen authorities had to turn to Beijing for help. Therefore, Xu Shichang, the great president of Beiyang government, went with the tide and ordered on 1654381October 22nd to cancel the "autonomy" of outer Mongolia and restore the old system. At the same time, the Sino-Russian Declaration 19 13 and the Sino-Russian Mongolia Agreement 19 15 shall be abolished.

But not long after, 192 1 years ago, Outer Mongolia made its second "independence". Here's the thing:

At that time, due to the direct Anhui war, the northern warlords fought fiercely and the situation in the north was chaotic. As a result, various external forces want to fish in troubled waters. On February 2, 2008, Kloc-0, Far East Belarusian troops invaded outer Mongolia with the support of Japanese troops in Northeast China. They occupied Cullen and established a new regime. The living Buddha and maharaja of Outer Mongolia once again declared "independence". Then, the Soviet Red Army marched on Cullen on the pretext that the Belarusian army had entered Mongolia. In July, with the support of the Red Army, a new pro-Soviet government was established in Outer Mongolia and a constitutional monarchy was implemented.

165438+1On October 5th, Outer Mongolia declared itself an "independent country" and established a "people's revolutionary regime". On the same day, the Soviet Union and Outer Mongolia concluded the Soviet-Mongolian Reconciliation Treaty, and both sides recognized each other as the legitimate government. In order to protect this regime, Soviet troops stayed until March 1925. Although the Beiyang government protested against the Soviet invasion and the subsequent government, it could do nothing.

Third, the period of the National Government.

1924165438+1On October 26th, the outer Mongolian government announced the abolition of the constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the "Mongolian People's Republic".