How did the Iran-Turkey War happen?

The Iran-Turkey War refers to the predatory war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safi Dynasty in Iran. The purpose of the war is to fight for the ownership of Arab Iraq, Kurdistan and Transcaucasia, as well as the control of the most important strategic and trade communication lines in Europe and Asia.

The war started at 15 14 and went on and off to 1746. It was carried out under the guise of the struggle between Shiites and Sunnis, two major schools of Islam.

At the end of 15, the Turkish occupier supported by the Sunni feudal aristocracy was resisted by the Iranian state headed by the Safi dynasty, which declared the Shiites as the state religion. Sultan Sherim I of Turkey brutally suppressed the Shiite uprising in Anatolia in 15 13, killing 40,000 Shiites. Since then, the war against Shia Iran has begun.

In the early stage of the Feng Jianmin-Turkey War, the Ottoman Empire not only had the Iraqi army, but also a standing army-the Turkish Guards and powerful artillery.

The Iranian army consists of nomadic cavalry archers, guards, cavalry, civilian troops responsible for protecting tribal leadership and often carrying small families to drive livestock, as well as a small number of civilian troops of local feudal lords. The weapons of Iraqi and militia fighters in curci are sabers and spears. In the first war between the two sides in Kaldiran Plain, the army of Turkish Sultan Sherim I was superior in all aspects of military affairs, defeated the army of Safi Dynasty of Shah Ismail I and occupied its capital, Tabrizi.

However, Sherim I was forced to give up Azerbaijan due to insufficient supplies and riots by the guards. Military operations in other areas continue. Ian Meyer I's army suffered another crushing defeat in the battle near Hisar, Kochi. Turkish artillery once again played a decisive role in this battle.

By the eve of 15 16, Sherim I had occupied western Armenia, Kurdistan and northern Mesopotamia including Mosul. 1516 ~1517, Turkey established its own rule in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and hijaz, and ruled a part of Algeria in 15 19.

1533, Sultan Su Liman I signed a peace treaty with Austria. In the same year, Turkey resumed its military operations against Iran after the security of its northern territory was guaranteed.

1536, Turkey occupied a part of southwest Georgia and became the main battlefield for Iraq and Turkey to compete for the dominance of Transcaucasia and Mesopotamia. Because the Iranian army also had artillery, when the war went to 1555, the two sides were tied. 1555 on may 29th, Iraq and turkey concluded a peace treaty in Amasya city.

According to the provisions of the peace treaty, Iran reserves some occupied territories in Transcaucasia. The Ottoman Empire incorporated Arab Iraq into its territory. Georgia and Armenia belong to these two countries. Iran has acquired a part of Samtzh-Saartabaz Principality, Khatri and Kakhzia. Turkey acquired the territories of Abkhazia, Guria, Imeldin and Lachi. The two countries recognized the city of Kars as a neutral zone, and the whole city was looted and the castle was reduced to ruins. The first stage of the Iraq-Turkey war ended with the conclusion of a peace treaty between the two sides in 1555.

The second Iraq-Turkey war started at 1578 and lasted intermittently for about half a century. Turkey used the feudalism of Safi dynasty to attack Iran again.

During this period, Turkey relied on its vassal, the Crimean Khan, who had a powerful army. 1578, the Turkish army violated the peace treaty of 1555, restored Kars Castle, and then entered Transcaucasia, occupying a part of Samtsky-Saartabaz Principality. On August 1578, 10, the Iranian Shah's army was defeated near Chardar. Turkish troops invaded eastern Georgia and eastern Armenia, then invaded northern Azerbaijan and occupied Silva here.

From 1579, the Turkish army and Clim Khan's 654.38+million troops captured the whole of Azerbaijan and western Iran. During the reign of King Abbas I of Iran, Iran regained its former strength, not only regaining the western territories occupied by Turkey, but also annexing some new territories.

However, because of the war against Uzbek feudal lords and the suppression of the anti-feudal uprising, Abbas I had to sign the Istanbul Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire in February1March, 590, which was very unfavorable to Iran. According to this peace treaty, almost the whole of Transcaucasia and a considerable part of Ulistan and Kurdistan were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.

At the turn of16th century and17th century, Abbas I carried out military reform.

Initially, a standing army was established, including the Musketeer Corps 1 0.2 million and the Cavalry Corps110,000; Artillery factories and artillery units composed of gunners have also been established. Musketeers and gunners were recruited only from Persia. At the end of the reform, the Iranian army had 6,543,800+2,000 troops, including 44,000 standing troops, 75,000 Feng Jianmin troops, 30,000 Kizilbashi people in Feng Jianmin army, and 45,000 troops composed of nomadic tribes such as Turkmen, Kurds and Ruhr and settled Iranian feudal lords. Abbas I's army soon increased to 300,000. In order to prepare for the war with the powerful Ottoman Empire, Iran has also established political and diplomatic relations with Turkey's hostile countries-Russia and European countries.

1602, Abbas I went to war against the Turks.

For the first time in a century, the Iranian state became the offensive side, while the Ottoman Empire, whose military organization has not been fundamentally changed, became the defensive side. From 1603 to 1604, in several battles near Su Fan, the Iraqi army defeated the Turkish army and captured and looted Tabrizi, Nakhichevan and other cities. On the orders of Abbas I, more than 300,000 Armenians were expelled from occupied Armenia to the Iranian interior.

In the Iraq-Turkey war of 1602~ 16 12, Iran won a total victory. 1613165438+1On October 20th, the warring parties signed a peace treaty in Istanbul, which enabled Iran to keep all the achievements.

Turkey began to retaliate against Iran on 16 13 because of its dissatisfaction with the Istanbul Peace Treaty.

1616 ~ 16 18, Turkey was defeated again and signed a peace treaty in Sherab in1618, basically reaffirming the terms of the Istanbul peace treaty. In the last two wars, Iran greatly expanded its territory and then began further conquest.

1623 to 1639, the Iran-Iraq war was caused by Shah Abbas I's army invading Arab Iraq. Abbas I took advantage of Iraq's uprising against the rule of Sultan Mustafa I to capture the city of Baghdad, and then occupied the whole Arab Iraq.

In the first 25 years of the17th century, Abbas I made several expeditions to East Georgia, which were extremely destructive. Transcaucasian people stubbornly resisted. In Georgia, Saka led a large-scale anti-Iran uprising, which shook and weakened Iran's rule in Transcaucasia.

At the same time, after several setbacks in the war in Europe, Turkey devoted itself to conquering the East again during the reign of Sultan Murad IV.

1625, Turkey occupied Ahazikh, seized Samtzkh-Sa Artabaz Principality and turned it into a province of Turkey. Murad IV also invaded Armenia and Azerbaijan.

At the same time, his troops also occupied northern Mesopotamia, including Mosul. However, he failed to occupy Baghdad, and the nine-month siege was futile.

1630, the Turkish army turned to attack Transcaucasia and western Iran, destroyed Hamadan city and slaughtered the whole city residents. 1639 In May, the Castile-Schilling Treaty was signed.

According to this treaty, the border between Iraq and Turkey has not changed, but Arab Iraq belongs to Turkey.

The third period of the Iraq-Turkey War began at the beginning of18th century, and the Turkish Sultan Ahmad Ⅲ resumed the war against Iran.

1723 In the spring, Turkish troops invaded Transcaucasia and occupied Tbilisi, the whole of East Georgia, East Armenia and Azerbaijan.

At the same time, the Turkish army also captured Ruristan province in western Iran. The victory of the Turks directly threatened Russia's interests in the Caucasus. The military victory of Peter I's expedition to Persia and Turkey forced Sachita Masip II of Iran to sign the Treaty of Petersburg with Russia in 1723.

1724 On June 23rd, the Treaty of Constantinople between Russia and Turkey was signed in Istanbul.

According to this treaty, all the Caspian Sea coastal areas listed in the 1723 Russia-Iraq Petersburg Treaty belong to Russia, and the rest of Transcaucasia and western Iran, including Kermanshah and Hamadan, belong to Turkey. 1724 The provisions of the Treaty of Constantinople are favorable to Turkey, which is the result of France's support for it, because France is afraid of the strengthening of Russian power. Turkey was not satisfied with the large territory it occupied, and its army advanced to the east of Iran and captured Gatzwin. Only the people of Persia and Azerbaijan resisted the Turkish invaders.

65438+In the early 1930s, Commander Nadir became the actual ruler of Iran.

1730, defeated the Turkish army and expelled it from Hamadan, Kermanshah and South Azerbaijan.

However, when Nadir was busy suppressing the Khorasan uprising of the Afghan Abdal tribe, Ta Masip II, who was afraid of Nadir's growing popularity, went to Turkey to enhance his personal prestige. Tahir Masip II's army was defeated at the gates of Hamadan.

1732 65438+1October 10, forced to sign a peace treaty with Turkey. The peace treaty legalized the Transcaucasian territory occupied by Turkey north of the Aras River.

At the end of 1732, Nadine overthrew Masp II of Tahe, signed the Last Treaty with Russia in advance, and went to Turkey himself.

According to the treaty, Geelong province was immediately returned to Iran, while the territory north of the Kula River was returned after the Turkish army was expelled from Transcaucasia.

1On June 4th, 735, Nadir's 70,000 troops defeated Sudan's 80,000 troops at the gates of Kars.

1736, Nadi was crowned Shah of Iran and began to reorganize the army with a view to increasing troops and equipment, especially artillery. In this regard, he got the help of British and French military experts. Nadir-Shah resumed the war against Turkey in 1743 in order to recapture Arab Iraq and Transcaucasia from Turkey after consolidating the unity of Safi dynasty countries. Three years of war ended without a draw.

The Iraq war from 16 to 18 caused a large number of deaths of people of all ethnic groups, and neither side of the war won. The war hindered the development of productive forces in Iraq and Turkey, and accelerated the collapse of some feudal countries loosely patched together by many ethnic groups and tribes.

The injustice of the Iraq-Turkey war constantly aroused the national liberation movement and anti-feudal movement of the conquered people of all ethnic groups, especially in the 17 to 18 centuries. These movements were used by one of the warring parties to establish their own rule. The Iraq-Turkey War is the most painful period for people in Transcaucasia since ancient times. Iran and Turkey, which were badly damaged in the bloody Iraq-Turkey war, have increasingly become colonies of Britain and France that established hegemony in the Near and Middle East.

In Iran and Turkey, the basic form of the armed forces is the Feng Jianmin Army, and the main arms of the armed forces are regular cavalry and irregular cavalry, equipped with spears, shields, sabres, bows and arrows, daggers and muskets. Iran's regular cavalry and Turkey's regular cavalry are both mobile units in the army. Standing infantry is in a subordinate position compared with cavalry.

However, from 17 to 18 century, the role of standing infantry rose to the main position, which was due to the spread of western European experience to these countries. Infantry are equipped with hot weapons and organized according to formal principles. As an arms, artillery appeared in Turkey earlier than Iran.

There are many elephants in Nadir's army, which are used to attack the center of the enemy's battle formation and make way for the infantry. Before the use of hot weapons, the battle usually depends on the impact of a large number of cavalry, aiming to surround the enemy and then be defeated by the besieged enemy. The cavalry can guarantee to attack the enemy suddenly and quickly.

With the emergence of regular infantry and artillery, cavalry has become the basis of battle formation, which can cover the flank and attack the enemy. The troops fought in an open formation, but in the 17 to 18 centuries, they used a linear combat formation. Generally do not pursue the defeated enemy. Capturing the fortress mainly depends on long-term siege.

In the Iraq-Turkey War, the development of military art was extremely slow as a whole, which was due to the existence of a large number of informal civilian troops of different races, composed of feudal cavalry and feudal infantry equipped with various weapons.