Which countries were vassals of the Qing Dynasty, and the reasons why China lost these vassals in modern times.

There were a large number of vassal States in the Qing Dynasty, and this vassal-vassal relationship did not completely collapse until the end of 19, mainly due to the invasion of western capitalism and the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

The Qing Dynasty was a vassal state, and Korea existed as early as Huang Taiji and Kangxi. The Qianlong period expanded to Annan (Vietnam), Nanzhang (now Laos), Siam (now Thailand), Myanmar and the Republic of Nanyang Islands (Cambodia was divided between Annan and Siam, and Luzon and Sulu disappeared after Spain ruled the Philippine Islands); The southwest Himalayas include Gurkha (Nepal), Zhemengxiong (Sikkim), Bhutan and other countries; Central Asia includes Kazakh khanate, bulut khanate, Vast khanate, Bukhara khanate, Aiwuhan (now Afghanistan), Badakhshan, Ganzhut and Ladakh.

It is an indisputable fact that China has suzerain-vassal relations with neighboring countries. On the surface, this suzerain-vassal relationship seems to be a trivial and unequal relationship, and neighboring countries want to "pay tribute to China"; It was awarded by China and stamped by China. In fact, this suzerain-vassal relationship is only a form of maintaining friendly relations between China and neighboring countries, and there is no substantive content of ruling and being ruled. Moreover, the ruler of China, as the suzerain country, treats foreigners with an indifferent attitude, that is, "you don't treat foreigners, whoever comes to you will not refuse, and those who go will not pursue them", and in principle does not interfere in the internal affairs of vassal countries. In order to show his wealth and magnanimity as a "celestial dynasty", the rulers of China always give a lot of rewards to the tributes based on the principle of "accumulated wealth and thin hair", which is far more valuable than the items paid by the tributes. Therefore, client countries are always willing to pay tribute to China. Sometimes, in order to reduce their burden, the rulers of China also imposed various restrictions and regulations on the time and scale of tribute to China. Although some countries sometimes pay tribute to China in advance in violation of regulations, the China government has also given it a warm reception. Furthermore, while countries pay tribute to China, they also trade with China. It can be seen that the suzerain-vassal relationship between China and neighboring countries is essentially different from the international relations of modern western countries. On the surface, it is equal, but in essence, it is the law of the jungle. The relationship between the suzerain and colony of western colonial countries is even more different, such as control and being controlled, oppression and being oppressed, exploitation and being exploited, and plunder and being plundered.