What is industrialization?

1. The historical background and significance of industrialization.

With the rapid development of Western handicrafts and commerce, large commercial capitalists emerged. At the same time, Western creative learning inherited the achievements of Eastern primary scientific civilization and later developed it into high-level human civilization. Scientific civilization. That is, advanced mathematics, advanced chemistry, and advanced physics. Later, these disciplines served the development of human economy, resulting in mechanics and dynamics. Mechanics and dynamics initially produced primitive power machines, such as various large-scale wind- or water-driven machines, such as Dutch windmills, British water-powered textile looms, etc. These scientific and technological theories originated in Northern Europe. Later, due to the rich natural, humanistic and commercial capital resources in the UK, these primary scientific and technological machinery developed into advanced machinery and power equipment. This is what Watt invented using mechanics, thermal and dynamics and other disciplines. The steam engine of the world's first industrial revolution. That is the stage of development from primary manual machinery and natural power to advanced human machinery and technological power. This is the beginning of the human technological industrial revolution. Referred to as the first industrial revolution.

2. Three Models of Industrialization

After the first industrial revolution, there was an electric power revolution based on the alternator invented by Stella, which is referred to as the second industrial revolution; Then came the electronic automation industrial revolution dominated by computers, CNC machine tools and chips, referred to as the third industrial revolution.

3. The huge contribution and shortcomings of industrialization to human society

After the first industrial revolution, production efficiency increased dozens to hundreds of times, and capital investment benefits increased hundreds of times. Growth, commercial capital began to pour into the industrial economic investment field in large quantities, which caused the rapid accumulation and expansion of industrial capital, giving birth to the industrial capital class, that is, the industrial big bourgeoisie. The interests of these classes were massively misappropriated and exploited by the government, forming a defense between the big bourgeoisie and the government. The big bourgeoisie then mobilized workers and peasant organizations to organize civilians to launch various struggles against the government. As a result, the Western slave monarchy was transformed and developed into a constitutional monarchy. The achievements of the big bourgeoisie were affirmed, the status of the big bourgeoisie was improved, and a coalition government with the big bourgeoisie as the main body was established. In the end, this struggle was mainly through two means. One was the peaceful reform of the slave-owning government, and the coup was mainly based on the British forcing the British king to retreat. One is to overthrow and eliminate the current government, such as the Paris Commune of the French Revolution, which overthrew the Louis XVI dynasty and guillotined the queen and family of the dynasty.

In the above stage, the development of Western economy was mainly guided by the market economy of Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations". After that, Western capitalism rose rapidly, and the economy achieved unprecedented development. Britain and France became the two major powers in Europe. Later, in order to strive for economic interests, the war between Britain and France began. At the same time, Germany took advantage of the war between Britain and France, under Prime Minister Besmann. Under the leadership of Germany, the German economy developed rapidly, becoming a powerful country that could compete with Britain and France for hegemony, and launched the First and Second World Wars. In the end, Germany was completely defeated and disintegrated. From then on, the European powers were wiped out. The United States took advantage of the two world wars to make a fortune in war arms. The U.S. economy, military, and technology developed rapidly. It lost three times in Europe and was seriously injured. It quickly established the NATO alliance and became Western capitalism. of giants.

After that, human society was basically in the Cold War stage between the capitalist NATO alliance headed by the United States and the socialist Warsaw Pact alliance headed by the Soviet Union. Later, the United States, Britain and France conspired to take advantage of the corruption of the Soviet government and the Soviet Communist Party to kill the Soviet Union. The United States became the world hegemon and a super empire of international financial and military oligarchs.

During this period, after the end of World War II, the European and American economies entered a period of rapid capitalist development. The bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful, and a struggle for the interests of workers and the public arose. In addition, the market economy has led to the rapid and disorderly development of the large industrial economy. This disordered development will inevitably cause overcapacity and unsalable products in some parts of society (China is also experiencing the same phenomenon and result now). This economic phenomenon will inevitably lead to a serious economic crisis in which the economy stagnates, a large number of companies close down, and workers become unemployed. The economic crisis caused the original serious conflict in which capitalists over-exploited the interests of labor and employees to quickly develop into an armed conflict, and a group of Eastern European socialist countries emerged as the capitalists were eliminated.

At this time, President Roosevelt of the United States, with great commitment to the people, was elected as the President of the United States and began a drastic capitalist reform movement, referred to as Roosevelt's New Deal. There are three main measures. First, major strategic and key scientific and technological enterprises are state-owned. The second is to significantly reduce taxes and fees to benefit the people, assist the poor, and implement financial and policy tolerance and preferential treatment for enterprises and poor people. The third is to enact a "Labor Law" that uses trade unions as a tool to represent workers in reasonable and legal struggles against capitalists to protect workers' wage rights and labor insurance benefits. Since the New Deal, pure market economic theories and models have withdrawn from the American economic field. It has become a market-regulated economy dominated by the government, which has made the U.S. economy develop by leaps and bounds. The people have become richer and more attractive. Many scientific and technological personnel have immigrated to the United States, making U.S. technology dominate the development of science and technology in the world and leading the third industrial revolution. And has mastered the commanding heights of world industry and military technology. At the same time, Western European countries learned from the United States, and their economies and national incomes developed rapidly, becoming industrially wealthy countries.