Summary of Geography Knowledge Points in the Second High School Compulsory Course

Knowledge changes destiny, knowledge is the ladder of human progress, knowledge is the source of wisdom, knowledge can make people wise and cultivate people's souls. Below I will share with you some high school compulsory geography knowledge points. I hope it can Help everyone, welcome to read!

High School Compulsory Course 2 Geography Knowledge Point 1

Service functions of cities at different levels

1. Cities Different levels

1. Criteria for city level classification: based on urban population size

Mega cities - large cities with a population of more than 1 million - medium cities with a population of 500,000 to 1 million - —Small cities with a population of 200,000 to 500,000 —A population of less than 200,000 people

2. Cities at different levels have different service scopes and types. Big cities provide many types of services, with high levels and relatively large service scopes.

3. Factors affecting the scope of urban services:

Influencing factors affect performance

Cities located in resource-rich areas can obtain support for further development of the city. Resource conditions provide cities with abundant material conditions, abundant labor conditions, and abundant urban land

Transportation conditions Cities located at transportation hubs can provide services to residents further away through convenient transportation, expanding their service scope Railway hub cities, highway hub cities, port cities, etc.

Population conditions Cities provide goods and services to residents in the service area, and the service population must reach a certain scale. Cities located in densely populated areas have relatively small service scope; on the contrary , the service scope of cities located in sparsely populated areas is relatively large

2. Enlightenment of the urban hierarchy system in southern Germany

1. In the same area, the combination of urban space at different levels is enough Establish a city hierarchy for a region.

2. The service scopes of cities of different levels are nested layer by layer.

3. The relationship between the number of cities of different levels, mutual distance, service scope, and urban functions: "The higher ones are far away and the larger are the larger ones, the lower ones are closer and the smaller ones are smaller, and the larger ones are nested in the smaller ones" (high city level, urban trees They are far apart from each other, with large service scope and many urban functions; the city level is low, with many cities, close to each other, with small service scope and few urban functions. The service scopes of cities of different levels are nested layer by layer, with larger ones nesting smaller ones. . )

4. Central place theory:

(1) The service scope of a central place is hexagonal around the central place.

(2) It is the function of market principles

(3) The service scope of a higher-level center is equivalent to the service scope of three lower-level centers.

High School Compulsory Course 2 Geography Knowledge Point 2

Urban Internal Spatial Structure

1. Urban Form

Urban form is lumpy and grouped Striped or radial

Influencing factors: Attraction effect of city center

Urban land restrictions or river obstructions, planning controls, etc. in plain areas

Mountains and rivers blocking traffic along the river Line distribution may be limited by terrain

River valley area

The various components of the regional form are relatively concentrated, and the city is composed of several areas. Each area organizes its own production and life nearby, and each area Unconnected urban areas extend along major traffic arteries or terrain areas

The main advantages are that relatively complete infrastructure can be centrally installed, the utilization rate of various facilities is high, convenient for life, easy for management, saving investment, and convenient for urban expansion. , which is conducive to protecting the urban environment. All parts of the city are close to the suburbs and close to nature

The main disadvantages are that the urban polluted land is easily scattered and the connections between the areas are inconvenient. Municipal construction investment in large cities is mainly concentrated in one direction, and transportation Long distance

City distance from Chengdu, Hefei, Washington, Chongqing, Shanghai Pudong New Area, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang, Lanzhou, Yan'an

2. Urban land use and functional zoning

< p> 1. Functional zoning: Various economic activities in the city compete with each other for space, resulting in a high concentration of similar activities in space.

2. Division: commercial area, residential area, industrial area, municipal and public service area, industrial area, transportation and warehousing area, scenery and urban green space, special function area, etc.

3. Characteristics of the central business district (New York's CBD - Manhattan):

① The central business district is the busiest place for economic activities in the city ② The population has a large difference between day and night ③ The buildings are tall and dense ④ There are obvious divisions within the central business district

5. Three basic urban regional functional divisions

Functional divisions, morphological characteristics and locations

The commercial district covers a small area, Economic activities are busiest in the form of points or strips; the population varies greatly between day and night, and the buildings are tall and dense; there are obvious internal divisions in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic lines and at street corners

The industrial areas are clustered into pieces and are constantly moving towards. The outer edge of the urban area moves and tends to the outer edge of the urban area along the main traffic arteries, on both sides of the traffic arteries

The residential areas cover a large area and are the main functional divisions of the city. After industrialization, differentiation appeared in terms of building quality. High-end residential areas are differentiated from low-end residential areas; in terms of location, they are higher than low-end residential areas and develop backwards. The outer edges of high-end cities are connected with high slopes and cultural areas

The low-end inner cities are connected with lowlands and industrial areas

< p> 3. The formation and changes of the city's internal spatial structure

1. In the city, the distribution and combination of different functional areas constitute the city's internal spatial structure, also called the urban regional structure.

2. Urban regional structure model:

Examples of the characteristics of the structural model

The concentric circle model has a concentrated and compact urban form, with a small number of urban functional areas and a concentric center. Circular plain terrain, the city's various functional areas have continuously invaded and migrated, and expanded from the core to Chengdu in concentric circles

Fan-shaped model The city's functional areas expand outwards in a fan-shaped transportation (each functional area along the transportation Line extension) Shenyang

The multi-core model city does not rely on a single core for development, but forms a central business district, wholesale business district, residential area, industrial area and suburbs around several cores, as well as relatively independent satellite cities and other multi-functional areas, and they jointly form urban areas. As the city continues to expand, new cores have emerged in the suburbs far away from the city center due to high land prices, traffic and residential congestion in the original city center. At the same time, they are also affected by rivers, Topography and other factors affect Zibo

3. Influencing factors:

Main factors: Economic factors - depends on the rent-paying ability of each functional zone, the level of land rent (transportation accessibility, distance from the city Center far and near)

History and culture (Beijing), race and religion (black areas), architectural design (the layout of European medieval cities around churches), natural conditions (urban high slopes and lowlands), administrative factors

High School Compulsory Course 2 Geography Knowledge Point 3

Reasonable Capacity of Population

1. Environmental Carrying Capacity

1. Environmental Carrying Capacity, only the environment can The number of people that will continue to be supported.

Population is an important indicator of environmental carrying capacity.

2. Environmental population capacity: The environmental population capacity of a country or region is determined by using local resources and other resources, intelligence, technology and other conditions within a foreseeable period, and in accordance with the government and social and cultural standards. The number of people that a country or region can sustainably support given its material living standards.

3. The relationship between the various factors of environmental population capacity

The level of scientific and technological development——determines the development of quantitative resources——environmental population capacity, living and cultural consumption Level - determines the consumption quantity

The most important factors: Among the various factors, the level of scientific and technological development is positively correlated with the population capacity of Huanu Realm, and the level of living and cultural consumption is negatively correlated with the environmental population capacity. There is a positive correlation between resources and environmental population capacity.

4. The environmental population capacity is uncertain and relatively stable.

2. Reasonable Population Capacity

1. Reasonable Population Capacity: Under the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard in accordance with a reasonable lifestyle without hindering the quality of life of the future population, a The country or region is most suitable for the Russian population.

——An ideal "imaginary number" whose exact value is difficult to determine.

2. Significance: It is of great significance for formulating the population strategy and population policy of a region or country, thereby affecting the regional economic and social development strategy.

3. For the entire world

(1) The international community should advocate that governments of all countries, especially developing countries, should do their best to control the population within a reasonable scale.

(2) Establish a fair order to ensure that most people have equal rights to continuously pursue a high level of quality of life.

(3) Respect the objective law of coordinated development of man and land, and formulate sustainable development strategies for the region according to local conditions, so as to maintain a good ecological balance and continuously improve the quality of people's lives.

High School Compulsory Course 2 Geography Knowledge Point 4

Factors affecting population migration

1. Main factors: First, changes in the natural environment and socio-economic environment; It is a change in personal life or career needs.

——Economic factors, ecological environment, political factors, social changes, religion, personal motivations and needs

Under certain specific time and space conditions, any factor is possible Become a decisive factor in promoting population migration.

2. The United States

1) Factors that made the United States become a country of immigrants:

① The development of the New World requires a large amount of labor

②15 —In the 16th century, during the European Enclosure Movement, unemployed workers and bankrupt farmers moved to the Americas in pursuit of better economic conditions

③New routes were opened, clearing obstacles for people to migrate smoothly

④Colonial expansion, plundering American resource wealth

2) Internal population migration in the United States

Reasons for migration during the period Migration flow

The Civil War in the mid-19th century - political population Large-scale westward migration

The development of industrialization and urbanization at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the flow of the economy from rural areas to cities

Agricultural crises and natural disasters from the 1920s to the 1960s ——Economy and Ecological Environment The southern population moved to the north and west

From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, the environment of the old industrial base in the Northeast deteriorated, and the west and south had new resources and new industries in the sunshine zone——Economy, The ecological environment and personal motivation needs moved from the northeast to the south and west

After the 1970s, the urban environment improved and the economic reconstruction of old industrial areas (economy, ecological environment) returned the population to the old industrial areas and cities

High School Compulsory Course 2 Geography Knowledge Point 5

Quantitative changes in population

1. Natural growth of population

1. Population growth in the past 10 years

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The number and growth of the human productive labor force in historical periods. The reasons for population changes

Before the agricultural revolution, the population was mainly engaged in gathering and hunting. The number of people was small and the growth was slow. People's ability to obtain food was low and they were resistant to Poor levels of disease and disaster, high mortality rate

From the Agricultural Revolution to the Industrial Revolution, the number of people engaged in agricultural activities using simple tools increased, the growth rate accelerated, the development of farming and irrigation technology, and the food supply became stable and reliable. Death rate dropped

After the Industrial Revolution, industrial production activities expanded and developed rapidly. The population continued to increase, and the growth rate became even faster. Human beings, armed with science and technology, continued to expand their ability to transform nature, and people could obtain sufficient food. and perfect medical services, the mortality rate is reduced

2. The most fundamental factor of natural population growth: the level of productivity

The determining factors: natural growth rate, birth rate, death rate

3. Differences in population growth between developed and developing countries

Natural growth rate levels, population growth characteristics and causes, future changing trends

Developed countries maintain a lower level of fertility concepts Influenced by factors such as the quality of life and the level of social and economic development, the population will be relatively stable in the next few decades due to slow growth, and will gradually decrease in some countries

Due to political independence and national economic development, developing countries have higher levels of development. With the advancement of medical and health services, the death rate has dropped, and population growth has quickly taken measures to control the population. The population growth rate will slow down, but the population will also increase

China's level is low, growth is slow, and the population base is large< /p>

4. Population development must be coordinated with economic and social development and compatible with the carrying capacity of the environment.

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