What are "world" and "prehistoric" civilizations?

Egyptian civilization established a unified ancient Egyptian country in the Nile valley in northeast Africa around 3000 BC, creating a splendid ancient civilization. The ancient Egyptians created hieroglyphics, built pyramids, temples, palaces, houses and other magnificent buildings, left behind rich works of art such as wood carving, stone carving, relief and painting, invented calendars, and developed mathematics and medicine. Around12nd century BC, the empire gradually declined. In the 6th century BC, Egypt was destroyed by Persia in West Asia. Since then, Egypt has been ruled by Macedonia and Rome. In the 7th century, it became a part of the Arab Empire, and the ancient Egyptians gradually merged with Arabs. The pyramids are scattered in the tombs of ancient Egyptian kings in the Nile valley, and there are still about 80 pyramids left. They are world-famous historical sites, with precise design and huge cost, reflecting the advanced science and technology and superb architectural ability of ancient Egypt. The largest pyramid is 146.5 meters high, with huge shape, scientific design and complex internal structure, which is amazing. It was called one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" in ancient Greece. Since the Babylonian civilization in 3000 BC, Sumerians and Akkadians in the south have established many slave countries in the two river basins. In the 8th century BC/KLOC-0, King Hammurabi of Babylon unified the two river basins, established a centralized country, and created splendid ancient civilizations, such as cuneiform and code of hammurabi. Code of hammurabi Stone Tablet A polished basalt stone tablet was promulgated by King Hammurabi of Babylon. The monument is 2.25 meters high, and the top is a relief with a height of 7 1 cm, which shows that the god of justice gave Hammurabi a scepter, and Hammurabi stood in front of him and raised his hand to pay tribute. The front of the monument is engraved with cuneiform characters, which are basically well preserved. Among them, the legal provisions in the central part are the most important, which is actually a summary of cases collected by Hammurabi, providing valuable information for future generations to understand the structure and characteristics of ancient Babylonian society.

In 3000 BC, the Dravidians, the indigenous people of the Indus Valley, created a developed culture and established a complete ancient city. For example, the Harappa culture in the upper reaches of the Indus River includes two major cities, one is Harappa, and the other is a hero in Mohenjo. The site of Yinghao City in Mohenjo, covering an area of about 2.5 square kilometers, has an estimated population of 30,000-40,000. There is a big bath in the center of the north of the city, which may be some kind of religious etiquette building. Dong Chi and Chibei may be the residences of the supreme rulers in this area, and the halls and temples are in the south of the Acropolis. The city center is a residential area with criss-crossing streets. There are also special industrial and commercial areas and perfect drainage systems. There are already characters in Harappa culture, mainly engraved on seals made of stones, pottery, ivory and so on. , also known as seal script, has not been interpreted so far. Halapa culture suddenly died out before 1800 BC ~ 1600 BC. The Crete-Mycenae civilization in Greece is the early civilization of Greece, also known as the Aegean civilization. Around 2000 BC, civilization originated in Crete at the southern tip of the Aegean Sea, and later centered on Mycenae. Civilization lasted for about 800 years, and some slave city-states appeared. Later, a group of relatively backward tribes entered southern Greece from the north, and the city-state was destroyed and civilization declined. The site of Knossos Palace is the largest and most important palace site of Minoan civilization. The palace was built in 1900 BC and has since become the political, economic and cultural center of Minoan civilization. It was destroyed around 1400 BC. Palace buildings are generally square, covering an area of 22,000 square meters. The building in the west of the courtyard has three floors, which are mainly used for sacrifice. The east building of the courtyard is the bedroom, reception hall, school and workshop of the king and his queens. There may be more than 1500 halls and rooms in the palace, which are winding and connected by cloisters and ladders. There are murals indoors, gardens outdoors, and perfect water supply and ventilation facilities. It is the legendary "mysterious palace". The Acropolis is a masterpiece of classical Greek architecture. The acropolis is about 300 meters long from east to west, with a stone wall along the mountain. The Parthenon, the highest point in the center, is dedicated to the goddess Athena and surrounded by marble colonnades. The Parthenon is magnificent and precise in design, and its architectural art, sculpture and decoration level are high, which is second to none among Greek temples.

Located at the eastern end of Rome Square, the Colosseum is the largest theater in ancient times, which was built in 70 ~ 82 AD. The structure is similar to that of modern sports ground, which can be used for gladiatorial and human-animal fighting, and can be used to fill pools and conduct naval battles. There are terraced open-air audiences around the stage. The arcade design of this typical column combined arch is beautiful and practical, which has a great influence on later buildings. Maya civilization is an outstanding representative of ancient American Indian civilization, named after Indian Maya. Because of some similarities between Mayan civilization and Mediterranean civilization, Europeans call Maya "Greece of American continent". It inherited the Olmec culture in the tropical jungle of the Gulf of Mexico and extended to Yucatan Peninsula, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Mayan civilization flourished from 300 to 900 AD, declined in the middle of16th century, and then disappeared in the tropical jungle for a long time. /kloc-in the 0 th century, the Mayans suddenly left their hard-built city and abandoned the magnificent temples and pyramids. The bustling city turned into ruins and disappeared into the jungle. Some people speculate that it is caused by climate change, farmland exhaustion, foreign invasion and plague epidemic, while others think that the internal chaos caused by various contradictions in Mayan society has led to the decline of the city. 1200, immigrants from the highlands of central Mexico occupied the civilized strongholds of Yucatan Peninsula-Itza and Mayapan in Chen Chi, and brought with them the Tortek culture. They rebuilt the temple, established a city centered on worship, and gave birth to Mayan culture in the post-classical period. Maya's architecture level is highly developed, and the architecture is famous for its rigorous layout and magnificent structure, among which the pyramid is the representative. Generally, it is a huge mound with a stone surface and steep sides. It is made of slate or marl, and a temple is built on the platform at the top of the tower.