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During the Han Dynasty, how many times did the two countries kiss?
"Pro-Xiongnu" Policy in the Western Han Dynasty
After Liu Bang's death, Liu Ying (Hui Di) acceded to the throne. Before 192, she took her imperial daughter as a princess, married Modu Khan as E Shi, and gave her money and property to enter into an engagement. After that, a certain amount of floc, wine, rice, food, etc. Every year, and the policy of "pro-intimacy" is implemented. During the sixty or seventy years from Hui Di to Lv Hou, Wendi and Jingdi, the policy of "pro-marriage" became a humiliating policy towards Xiongnu in the early Western Han Dynasty. The Han dynasty paid a huge price for this, starting from the ninth year of Emperor Gao and ending in the second year of Yuan Guang. Modu chanyu was not satisfied with this. He wrote to Lv Hou openly, and put forward "I would like to go to China and marry Lv Hou" in extremely insulting language, thinking of being an emperor in China. Emperor Wendi continued to "kiss" with Xiongnu in his early years. Emperor Wenjing married the princess to E Shi in 174, 15 6 and 152 respectively. Give money and property every year, and constantly increase the number of gold and silk.
At the same time, the Western Han Dynasty opened a "closed market", allowing people of two ethnic groups to trade. The advantages of "getting married" and giving gifts are Khan, the leader of Xiongnu, and nobles, the slave owners. The middle and lower Huns are in urgent need of iron bronze wares, silk floss, gold and silk in the Han Dynasty in their production and life, and only by closing the market can they solve it. The Han people also exchanged horses, cows, sheep and other livestock and a large number of fur, felt balls and other items from the Huns. Through the opening of "Guanshi", the two ethnic groups communicated with each other, and economic and cultural exchanges enriched their lives. 162 years ago, Emperor Xian of Han wrote to Xiongnu Khan that the Great Wall was the dividing line between the nomadic people in the north and the farming people in the Central Plains, and the Han and Hungarian brothers never broke their word when they got along. But marrying a princess, giving gifts, opening a "closed city" and taking the Great Wall as the boundary can not satisfy the greed of Xiongnu slave owners. Although the Western Han Dynasty made a compromise, it failed to get peace. During the 67 years from 2000 to 133, tarquin often went south from Longxi in the west and Liaodong in the east to attack the city and plunder the land, as always. Even tarquin went deep into the north of Chang 'an. Chao Cuo said: The Xiongnu army "makes small gains when it makes small advances, and makes big gains when it makes big advances". Their annual plunder income greatly exceeds the gifts from relatives. This is because the advanced culture, huge material wealth and huge population in the Yellow River valley have become the dream of Huns living in the Mobei Plateau and living in poverty. "Militant nomads" are good at hunting and have military advantages. The long border between China and Hungary gave tarquin favorable conditions for large-scale attack and plunder.
Liang Wudi's counterattack against Xiongnu.
140, Liang Wudi acceded to the throne. After nearly 70 years of rest and recuperation, the economy in the Western Han Dynasty recovered and developed, the people were rich, the national strength was strong, the riding power was greatly enhanced, and the centralization was strengthened. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the passive pro-DPRK policy, adopted the opinions of the ministers of the main war faction and fought back against the Xiongnu. Before 138, Zhang Qian was sent to contact the western regions, and Da Yue was going to attack the Huns from east to west. /kloc-in the winter of 0/33, Emperor Wu adopted the plan of "ambushing Mayi and attacking Khan" proposed by Wang Hui, and ambushed 300,000 elite soldiers in Mayi Mountain, making Nie Yi pretend to betray Mayi City and seduce Khan in an attempt to annihilate him in one fell swoop. In June, Khan believed it, and the rate was 654.38+ 10,000. Seeing many suspicious images along the way, Khan captured the history of the Han Dynasty, so he led the army to retreat and the ambush failed. From then on, the relationship between Han and Hungary deteriorated, the Huns attacked the northern frontier fortress, and a long-term war was launched between Han and Hungary. In order to fundamentally alleviate the invasion of Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty deployed several key battles:
The first is the Battle of Henan, also known as the Battle of Monan (recovering the south of Hetao). /kloc-in the first month of 0/27, Liang Wudi sent Wei Qing and his army to attack the northwest Hetao from the old Yushu fort in northern Shaanxi (now northeast of Yulin), turned back south along the outer Great Wall, and then returned to Longxi along the Yellow River and Helan Mountain, drawing a horseshoe-shaped arc, and defeated the right Loufan King and Aries King of Huns, with many prisoners. Shuofang county is located here, and ten immigrants are resettled.
The second is the battle of Hexi. 12 1 In the spring of March, Liang Wudi sent an ancient general, Huo Qubing, from Longxi, to attack the Hexi Corridor, crossing the Yanqi Mountain thousands of miles to the west, killing the Lanwang, and capturing the Evil King and more than 10,000 people alive, which won a great victory. In summer, Huo Qubing led tens of thousands of cavalry from the north, west of Qilian Mountain, two thousand miles into the hinterland of Xiongnu. He captured the single ring king, the Emirates Tu and 3,000 people alive, and killed more than 30,000 people, so that the evil king of Xiongnu and the King Hugh Tu led more than 40,000 people to the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Han Dynasty opened the Hexi Corridor and established an outpost to March into the Western Regions.
The third is the battle of Mobei. 1 19 years ago, in order to capture Hun Khan alive and destroy his power in Wang Ting and Zuo Wangxian, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent hundreds of thousands of troops from Dingxiang and Dai Jun to cross the desert to the north and go deep into the hinterland of Mobei. Wei Qing led 5,000 pioneers, set up chariots for camp, and met Wan Chanyu in the desert. The sun sets, the wind sweeps, the sand flies, and when it gets dark, the two armies scuffle. Surrounded by the two wings of the Han army, Khan saw that the situation was fierce and fled before dusk. The captives of the Han army were beheaded1more than 9000 people. The Han army pursued @ ③ Zhao Xincheng in Yanshan (now south of Ai Shan in Hangzhou, Mongolia) and returned from the city, winning a great victory.
Huo Qubing led an army more than 2,000 miles north, defeated the left in Xushan, which was occupied by wolves, and captured and killed more than 70,000 people. The Eastern Han army also won a great victory, cutting off the Xiongnu's "left arm". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time to contact Dayue and Dawan, and married Wusun Wang as a princess, thus breaking up the Xiongnu's alliance in the West and cutting off the Xiongnu's "right arm". There are four counties in Hexi: Jiuquan, Wuwei, Zhangye and Dunhuang. On the one hand, it cut off the traffic between Xiongnu and Qiang, on the other hand, it reclaimed land in Hexi and Hetao areas, and extended the beacon towers and pavilions of border defense equipment from Jiuquan to Yumen, and from Dunhuang to Yanze (now Lop Nur). After a series of military, political, border defense and economic measures, the threat of Xiongnu in the north was basically lifted.
After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty 87 years ago, the Han Dynasty temporarily stopped fighting back. After more than 40 years of war, both sides suffered huge losses in strength, material resources and financial resources, especially the Huns, who were extremely tired from top to bottom and the people were in great pain. All walks of life want a temporary truce and peace talks.
During the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, in order to ease the hostile relationship with the Han Dynasty and realize intimacy, the Huns released Su Wu, the envoy of China, who was detained by the Huns in 19. However, tarquin continued to appear on the northern border of the Han Dynasty. Because of the tight defense in the Han Dynasty, tarquin had no chance to take advantage of it. In the first 73 years, the Huns turned to Wusun in the Western Regions and demanded Princess Wusun (that is, the princess who married King Wusun in the Han Dynasty). King Wusun asked the Han Dynasty for help. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu, organized the Fifth Route Army and Wusun to jointly send troops to attack the Huns, and won a great victory. This was the last war since the Sino-Hungarian War, and the Huns were defeated. Since then, the northern border has become more and more calm.
From 133 to 7 1, the Han Dynasty fought for 60 years. Although the Xiongnu was defeated, the Han Dynasty also paid a heavy price of "wasting domestic resources and halving the household registration". These decades of counterattacks have defended the production and life of the people in the northern and border areas of the Han Dynasty and ensured the stable rule of the Western Han Dynasty. Effectively develop border areas, so that agricultural production and economic culture in border areas can be restored and developed; The ancient Silk Road was opened, which strengthened the ancient exchanges and contacts between China and the West and promoted the scientific and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
Uhaanyehe joined the Han Dynasty at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.
After the defeat of Xiongnu, the nomadic area was greatly reduced and the production was shrinking day by day. Coupled with the rebellion of various ministries, divisions and infighting occurred within the ruling group, and the huge Xiongnu slave-owner regime was in a state of disintegration.
60 years ago, the empty Right Canal was just a death. Due to the problem of succession to the throne, in the first 57 years, there was a situation of "five khans vying for the position" within the ruling group (calling Khan, driving Khan, Uji Khan, Sudden Khan and Uhaanyehe), and finally Uhaanyehe Jihoushan succeeded to the throne according to hereditary system and habits. Back in Chanyuting, I saw that the population decreased after the war and the situation was critical. Just then, his brother Zuo called Tuus to stand on his own feet, ready to defeat Huhanye and occupy Chanyuting. Hu Hanye saw that there was a branch in the north and a branch in the south, and the east and west branches had already rebelled and collapsed. If they don't join the Han Dynasty, they will be in danger of being attacked on both sides. If they return to the Han dynasty, they can also use the power of the Han dynasty to compete with the branch, and they will recover. So, he took the advice and sent his son You and his younger brother to the Han Dynasty 53 years ago. Seeing that the Han Dynasty was kind to his son and brother, he personally went to the Han Dynasty to see Emperor Xuan Di in the first month of May1year, which showed that he attached importance to the Central Committee and respected the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. Xuan Di sent an envoy Han Chang to Wuyuan County to meet him, and seven counties along the way sent soldiers and civilians to meet him. When you come to Chang 'an, you will receive the highest courtesy and rank above the princes. At the same time, the golden "Xiongnu Khan India" was awarded, which recognized him as the supreme leader of Xiongnu and confirmed the vassal status of Xiongnu regime under the rule of the Central Han Dynasty. In addition, a large number of precious gifts were presented, and Gu Mi was successively distributed to relieve the Huns.
In the first month of thirty-three years ago (the first year of Jingning, Yuan Di), Hu went to Han Dynasty to meet the son of heaven and expressed his willingness to marry Han. Yuan Di then married Wang Qiang, the "good son" of the harem. He was so happy that he named Zhaojun "Hu Ning" and was willing to defend the northern frontier for Korea. It is the inevitable product of the long-term development of the history of the Han and Hungarian nationalities. Calling on the situation, conforming to the historical trend, and realizing the national integration between Han and Hungary with personal political vision, talent and perseverance; It ended the state of war between China and Hungary since 150 and turned into peaceful and friendly relations. Finally, the cause of unity and cooperation between Han and Hungarian nationalities was completed; It was the first time that the northern regime accepted the leadership of the central government of the Central Plains, which brought the political relationship between Saibei and the Central Plains closer and contributed to the reunification of Saibei and the Central Plains. The economic and cultural exchanges between the Han and Hungarian nationalities were strengthened, which made the Huns' productivity and living standards improve rapidly and transformed them into feudalism. Ending the division of Xiongnu for more than 20 years and unifying Xiongnu provided conditions for Xiongnu to stabilize politics, develop production and increase population. At the same time, in the Han Dynasty, "the border town was closed, the cattle and horses were wild, there was no warning of dogs barking in the third world, and there was no war in Li Shu", which rehabilitated the northern people for more than 60 years; It also shook the prestige of the Han dynasty in the western regions, and all localities respected the Han people. ) historical significance
The Relationship between the New Dynasty and Xiongnu in the Early Eastern Han Dynasty
After Hu's death, his descendants obeyed his will and maintained peaceful and friendly relations with the Central Committee of the Han Dynasty for more than 30 years. It was not until 1 year (the first year of Emperor Yuan of Hanping) that it was destroyed by Wang Mang.
Wang Mang's new dynasty violated the three agreements between Han and Xiongnu, appropriated the gold medal "Xiongnu Khan Seal" and created a new one "New Xiongnu Khan Seal", deliberately depressing Khan's political status. Renamed "Hun Khan" as "Slave Reduction Order"; Wang Mang tried to establish his prestige by force, divided the residence of Xiongnu into 15 parts, forced fifteen descendants of Xie Han to be Khan, and weakened the power of Xiongnu. This aroused the dissatisfaction of the Huns, invaded the northern frontier year after year, and the decades-long harmony between the Han and Hungarian nationalities was destroyed by Wang Mang's wrong policy.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sino-Hungarian relations never improved. On the one hand, because the Huns were attached to the Han Dynasty, their internal stability and social production were restored and developed. Around the AD, their power was very strong, and the invading forces among the slave owners and nobles rose again, controlling all ethnic groups in the western regions, colluding with and supporting the separatist forces in the Central Plains, and participating in separatist activities in the Central Plains. On the other hand, Wang Mang's wrong policy, the peasant uprising in the late Han Dynasty and the arrogance of the separatist forces in the Central Plains weakened the military and political forces in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. This situation made it impossible for the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty to take active counter-offensive actions against the invasion of Xiongnu strategically, so it could only adopt passive defense policies and strategies. Politically, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu sent envoys to Xiongnu, presented gold coins, made friends with the old clan and eased the relationship with Xiongnu. Militarily, the frontier fortress is mainly defensive and rarely attacks. In view of this situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xiongnu continued to invade the south, and occasionally there were envoys, but this kind of contact could not fundamentally improve the relationship between the two sides. Since the Western Han Dynasty, the relationship between China and Hungary has experienced changes from intimacy to war, from hostility to friendship, from rupture to intrusion. This tortuous process played an important role in the change of the power contrast between China and Hungary.
The division of Xiongnu, the attachment of South Xiongnu to Han Dynasty and the westward migration of North Xiongnu
In 48 AD, Xiongnu was divided into north and south. The southern Xiongnu asked for attachment and said, "I was always a vassal and defended the northern Lu." The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty asked him to move to Yunzhong County, and according to the old example of the evil spirits in the Western Han Dynasty when they were attached to the Han Dynasty, Jin Xi was rewarded with the etiquette of the princes, and more than 30,000 possessions, Gu Mi, cattle and sheep were given help. With the support of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu regime was stabilized and the relationship between China and Hungary was very friendly. The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty spent 65.438+0.9 billion on the Southern Xiongnu every year.
The northern Xiongnu suffered serious natural disasters year after year, and was attacked by the southern Xiongnu, Wuhuan and Xianbei. After retreating to Mobei, the social economy shrank extremely and its strength was greatly weakened. It sent envoys to the Eastern Han Dynasty many times to seek relatives and friends. One is afraid of the Northern Expedition in the Eastern Han Dynasty; The second is to provoke and destroy the relationship between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the southern Xiongnu; Thirdly, I want to improve my voice in the western regions. Fourth, I want to exchange the needed materials with South Korea through the pro-China market. The eastern Han government did not promise to kiss, but only agreed to exchange markets between the two peoples. From 65 to 72 AD, the Northern Xiongnu invaded the northern border of Yuyang to Hexi Corridor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. With the political stability and economic development in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and with the support of the southern Xiongnu, the counterattack to conquer the northern Xiongnu began.
In February 73 AD, Emperor Hanming (in the 16th year of Yongping) sent Dou Gu and other four armies to attack and occupy Lucheng (now Hami) in Yiwu. In the same year, Ban Chao was sent to the Southern Regions to help the country. From 1975 to 1976, a war for the western regions was waged between Han and Hungary. Dou Gu and defeated Yan and Zuo Wang, occupied the car division and competed for Jincheng. Because of the death of Ming Chengzu and the drought in the Central Plains, the burden on the people is too heavy, so we will not fight for the time being. From 83 to 85 A.D., 73 groups of northern Xiongnu successively went south to attach themselves to the Han Dynasty, and with the attack of the southern Xiongnu, the strength of the northern Xiongnu was greatly weakened. In 87 AD, Xianbei stormed the northern Xiongnu from the east, killing his superiors and leaving Khan behind. There was chaos in northern Xiongnu, and there was locust plague in Mobei. The people are hungry, brothers are fighting for positions, internal class contradictions are sharp, and ethnic contradictions are serious. The social crisis in the northern Xiongnu was exposed. The unified war of the Eastern Han Dynasty's massive conquest of the northern Xiongnu began in the summer and June of 89 (the first year of Yongyuan). Dou Xian and Geng Bing led the troops to join forces with the Southern Xiongnu Li Army. Zhuoxie Mountain (near Gobi in Mandalay, Mongolia) and North Khan fought in Jiluo Mountain (now Ebugen Mountain in Mongolia), and North Khan fled in defeat. The Han army pursued13,000 people, and the northern Xiongnu joined in succession. Dou Xian and Geng's Yanran (today's Mongolian people love mountains) made great achievements in stone carving. 1990 attacked the northern Xiongnu again, and the northern Khan escaped injured. In 9 1 year, the Han army attacked Jinwei Mountain (now Altai Mountain) and defeated the Xiongnu. North Khan led the remnants to flee to Wusun and Kangju in the west, and began the process of westward advancement. Since Tou Man Khan established power, Huns have been living in the north and south of the desert for 300 years, and the threat to Northern Han has been lifted.
After the Han army defeated the northern Xiongnu, more than 50 "countries" in the western regions returned to Han, and Han re-established the capital of the western regions to protect the Silk Road and safeguard the friendly relations among all ethnic groups in the western regions.
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