The Tunpu History of Tianlong Tunpu

After several years of war, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty in 1368. Years of war have brought great suffering to the people. People of all ethnic groups hope to have a stable living environment, resume production and develop the economy. Zhu Yuanzhang followed the current situation, reformed politics internally, strengthened national construction, and gradually created stable production and living conditions for the people in the Central Plains. In the face of the assassination of Valmy and Tusi by Liang Wang, the southwest captaincy of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the strategy of sending messengers to persuade him to surrender. At first, all the southwest forces were forced to join the Ming Dynasty by the strength of the Ming army. Hongwu fourteen years (138 1 year). Liang Wang kept his mouth shut about the secret of Zanbaba, and under the threat of making a big deal, he killed Zhu Yuanzhang's envoy several times and transferred troops to rebel. Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and finally made up his mind to solve the problem by force. At the beginning of September of the same year, a large army was assembled in Nanking, and Fu Youde and Hou Yingchuan were appointed as generals for the Southern Expedition, while Aquamarine and Mu Ying were appointed as lieutenants. The warships covered the sky and returned to Wuchang to join the four armies of Huguang, Henan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. The 300,000-strong army swept the country, vowing to pacify the southwest. Fu Youde carefully planned, and the soldiers were divided into two roads, all of which were partial divisions. "The viceroy, Hu Hai and others led 50,000 soldiers from Yongning (now Xuyong) in Sichuan to Wusha (now Weining), and Youde led the army from Chen and Yuan to Guizhou." After Fu Youde's 250,000 troops arrived at Dongting Lake, they abandoned the ship and took the ancient post road in Hunan and Guizhou, heading for Liang Wang's lair. After more than two months of arduous trekking, the Ming army arrived in Puding (now Anshun), captured Puding in the twelfth lunar month (1 1), and then captured Puke 'an (now Panxian). Hearing that Puding, the "throat of Yunnan", was conquered, King Liang was frightened to disgrace, and ordered Situ Pingzhang to take Dali as the general and gather 100,000 troops to camp in Jiang Nanan, Baishi, Qujing, Yunnan, in an attempt to stop the Ming army with natural barrier. On the 16th day of the twelfth lunar month, the Ming army finally arrived at Qujing Bazi. Suddenly caught in the fog, I couldn't see my fingers. Commander-in-chief Fu Longde wants to stop and March until the fog clears. Mu Ying, the deputy commander, said to Fu Youde: "If we don't expect our army to go deep, we will cover it up. This is the so-called surprise attack." Fu Youde listened to MuYing's suggestion and stopped water supply on the north bank of Baishi River. Fu Youde sent someone to find a boat to cross the river and attack the enemy from the front; While sending thousands of people to bypass the upper reaches to cross the river, they launched a surprise attack from behind enemy lines. Before long, the fog cleared, and hundreds of thousands of troops confronted each other on both sides of the river, bypassing thousands of Ming troops in the upper reaches and waving flags and shouting in the mountains. Dalima thought that the gods came down to earth and panicked. The Ming army tends to storm the river and annihilate an army of 100,000 yuan in one fell swoop. This is the decisive battle in the war to conquer South China-Jiang Baishi War. After the defeat of the Yuan Army, Liang Wang saw that the tide was gone. "Abandoned Kunming City, went to Jinning Hunan Village, burned the dragon clothes, and drove his wife to Dianchi Lake and died. Then he committed suicide with Youcheng Tuodi and Ruhr. " The construction of Tong Ming basically put an end to the war of conquering the south. In order to prevent the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty and the chieftain forces from rebelling again, Fu Youde played the role of the imperial garrison, so the Ming government's feat of stationing troops in the southwest ushered in the first real development of the southwest. The history of wasteland reclamation in China can be traced back to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. At that time, in order to enrich the border guards, Wendi recruited a large number of immigrants in the border areas. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used troops to cultivate land, and Emperor Wen's "raising the people's real border" was the beginning of cultivating land. The armies of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Xuan Di were the ancestors of wasteland reclamation. The Yuan government used the local ethnic minorities in Yunnan to reclaim land, which is the first case in southwest China. In the 15th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang approved Fu Youde's memorial of wasteland reclamation, and ordered the Southern Army to wasteland on the spot. Today, it is of great and far-reaching significance for us to trace the historical footprint of reclaiming farmland in southwest China in Ming Dynasty. Many experts who study "Tunpu culture" have pointed out that the Ming Dynasty government's southwest reclamation can be regarded as the first real development of Guizhou and Yunnan. Guizhou improved the feudal administrative system and laid the foundation for building a province because of the southwest reclamation of the Ming Dynasty government. Guizhou was established as a province in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13). Since then, it has been "independent" and no longer belongs to Yunnan and Yunnan.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, located in the southwest of the motherland, is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and has always been regarded as a barbarian land by rulers. According to historical records, the earliest Central Plains immigrants who entered this magical land were Zhuang Mi at the end of the Warring States Period. According to Sima Qian's Biography of Southwest Yi in the Han Dynasty, when Chu Weiwang started his army (note: it was the fault of the king of Chu), the general Zhuang Mi sent his troops upstream, just west of Bashu and Qianzhong. Therefore, Zhuang Mi, Chu Zhuangwang Miao also. To Dianchi Lake, the place is 300 miles, the side is flat, and the fat is thousands of miles. It must belong to Chu's military power. If you want to return, Qin will seize Chuba and Qianzhong County, and the road will be impassable. Because you don't return it, you have to rely on its king. Change the custom of obeying it and learn from it. "Zhuang's Chu army fought all the way to Dianchi Lake and won a great victory. When he wanted to repay, Chu was destroyed by Qin, and he had to lead his people back to Yunnan to become the king of Yunnan. He was soon easily persuaded and melted into the ethnic groups in southwest China. Secondly, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, after Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains, Bai Changjia built the famous ancient post station "Wuchi Road" in order to strengthen the setting of counties in the southwest. Wuchi Road starts from Yibin, Sichuan and ends in Qujing, Yunnan. In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi sent Tang Meng to South Vietnam, where he ate a kind of food called "ketchup". He thought it was very sweet, so he asked the place of origin. People in South Vietnam said that it was produced in Bashu and shipped from Yelang. So Tang Meng thought of the whimsy of controlling South Vietnam from Yelang. Finally, please go to the court. The troops "Fupang Jiang Ge" entered the Yelang situation, and soldiers were sent to South Vietnam. In order to open up Indian trade routes, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also sent general Guo Chang to March on an expedition to Yunnan. The above Han people have little effect on the development of southwest China. Until the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the southwest region had not been developed in any practical sense. Although the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty let the Yi, Bai and other ethnic minorities in Yunnan open fields, the southwest is still wild. All ethnic groups and tribes are fragmented, and it is difficult to really implement the central government decrees. Road traffic is also very backward, only relying on a few bumpy postal routes to contact the outside world. It was not until the farmland was reclaimed during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty that the prelude of Xi's "Southwest Development" was vigorously opened.

After conquering Liang Wang and Tusi, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the policy of "cultivating fields and guarding borders" and established the "garrison system". He set up "garrisons" in the grain-producing areas of Yunnan and Guizhou and on both sides of the ancient post road, and sent soldiers to station troops, "training three points and training seven points." In the 14th year of Hongwu (138653), Pudingwei was composed of 5,000 households in front, back, left, middle and right. Each household had 1 120 soldiers. The chief said there were 1,000 households: each household had 10 households and each household had/kloc-. Hundreds of households have two general flags, and each general flag has five small flags. The small flags lead 10 troops, and each health center leads a total of 5,600 troops. According to the regulations of the Ming army, 5600 soldiers brought their families, and the families of these soldiers who conquered the south volunteered and were forced to join the ranks of reclamation. This form of reclamation established by soldiers and their families is called military reclamation, which is the earliest form of reclamation in southwest China in Ming Dynasty. After the establishment of the military camp, compared with the numerous minority chieftain forces in Yunnan and Guizhou, it is still in a weak position and cannot "consolidate the country forever". So Zhu Yuanzhang moved the poor, the unemployed and the rich corpses of criminals in the south of the Yangtze River to the Yungui wasteland, and the government distributed land, seeds and farm tools according to regulations. In addition to the food turned over to the government, the remaining mountain wasteland immigrants distribute it themselves. This form of land reclamation is called folk land reclamation. In order to expand the sources of military supplies and speed up the circulation of commodities, especially the salt trade, the imperial court also encouraged businessmen to take part in reclamation, and the businessmen raised their own people and cultivated the land, and exchanged the collected grain for "official salt" from the government for trading. This form of reclamation is called commercial reclamation. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered all the soldiers and civilians to strengthen unity, resist and control the forces of a few local chiefs, ensure the smooth implementation of government decrees and strengthen centralization of authority. Reclaim a field. Immigrants are people in their leisure time and soldiers in wartime. They live in the stockade "Tunbao" with strong military defense function. The large-scale reclamation in southwest China in Ming Dynasty completely changed this "wild land". From the Hongwu period to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, millions of Han immigrants entered the southwest through various forms, forming a huge group of Han immigrants, which changed the situation of "more foreigners and less Han" in the southwest. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, due to the constant wars and heavy taxes, the farming system gradually entered a period of decline.