Bend and immigrate to Thailand

The first chapter of geography is understanding the mainland.

1. 1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place of sunrise in the east; Europa: the place of sunset in the west.

The continental parts of Asia and Europe combined to form Eurasia. Asia is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean on three sides, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asian terrain dominated by plateaus and mountains: three characteristics: 1. Terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with high average altitude;

2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Terrain difference:

Asia and Europe

The continent with the highest average altitude is the lowest in the world.

The relative height fluctuates greatly on the ground, and the height difference is small.

The main terrain is plateau and mountain plain.

The terrain is high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed on the south and north sides.

Complex and diverse Asian climate: complex and diverse: continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountains and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;

The internal flow area is very large.

Asian population and countries: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of over 1 100 million are in Asia.

1.2 Africa

The continent with the largest number of countries: "Africa" is the "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, across the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau, which is called "Plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert, located in the north of Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.

African savanna is the largest area in all continents.

Climate characteristics: high temperature; A vast arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

Rich in resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent".

The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.

An economy in urgent need of development:

1.3 America: "New World": America is the abbreviation of "America".

The natural environment between the north and the south is different: the average altitude in North America is relatively high, and the terrain fluctuates greatly. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland. Immigration and the economy:

Chapter II Understanding the Region

2. 1 Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including the Indian zhina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of China. Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 20,000 islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, and few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is called "the country of earthquakes"

Regional topographic features and river features

The mountains and rivers of zhina Peninsula alternate from north to south.

The Malay archipelago is rugged, short and swift.

Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation.

Rich in minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.

The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated.

2.2 South Asia

South Asian subcontinent: South Asia is the vast area between the central and western parts of the sub-Himalayas and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers.

Three regions: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau.

A year is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-10 is the rainy season; The cool season is 1 1 until February of the following year.

Religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan.

Population and economy: South Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a population of about 65.438+0.3 billion, accounting for more than 654.38+0.5 of the world population.

2.3 West Asia

Land of five seas and three continents: Mediterranean; Black sea; Caspian sea; Red sea; Arabian sea. Asia; Africa; Europe

This is also the famous Silk Road in ancient China.

Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, especially in Israel.

Arab countries: religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam

World oil treasure house: accounting for 25% of the world's total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf. Oil export route:

2.4 Western Europe

Location and Scope: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, including more than 30 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries.

Strong economic strength: prosperous tourism;

2.5 Arctic and Antarctic regions

World of Ice and Snow: The Arctic refers to the area north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia and North America, as well as some islands. The inland area of the Arctic Circle is about 8 million square kilometers, and the area of the Arctic Ocean is about 1365438+ million square kilometers. The Antarctic region includes the Antarctic continent, its islands and continental ice, as well as a part of the South Pacific Plain, the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Indian Ocean. The polar regions are extremely cold, windy and rainy.

In the Arctic Circle, the population living for a long time is close to 3 million. The local aborigines are mainly Inuit and Lapp. Antarctica has no country and no permanent residents. Polar scientific expedition: China Great Wall Station (62 13; 5858' West) China Zhongshan Station (6925' s；; 76 10 ' E)

The origin and development of mankind: Now the ancestors of apes and human beings are forest apes. 120000 years ago, forest apes were widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, especially in the tropical jungles of Africa.

Schematic diagram of human origin and development: P5 and 7

3 million years ago, human fossils: Lucy 1.75 million years ago, ancient humans: East Africans.

1929: The first Peking man skull fossil was discovered in Pei Wenzhong.

Reproductive system: Life goes through the process of combining male and female germ cells and forming new individuals through embryonic development. This process is completed by the reproductive system. Men and women have different reproductive systems, so do adults and children.

Anatomical diagram of male and female reproductive system: P9 under 7

Reproductive process: 7 times P 10

Delivery: At the 40th week of pregnancy, the fetus will be mature. The mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina. This process is called delivery.

The characteristics of adolescence: sudden height increase, obvious enhancement of nervous system and cardiopulmonary function. Boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

Adolescent sexual consciousness: initially alienated from the opposite sex, to gradually willing to approach the opposite sex, or hazy attachment to the opposite sex.

The basic requirements of family planning in China are: late marriage, late childbirth, fewer births and eugenics.

Nutrients in food: Food contains six kinds of nutrients such as sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Sugar, fat and protein in food: provide energy for P22.

Water and inorganic salts: water can transport energy, and inorganic salts include calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine and zinc. 7 Xiap24

Inorganic salt: 7 P25

Vitamin: 7 P26

Changes of food in digestive system: The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive system, including teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The salivary gland has a catheter, and the saliva it secretes enters the mouth through the catheter.

Composition and function of digestive system: 7 P32.

Digestive system: digestive tract: a long tube. Digestive glands are divided into two categories: some are large digestive glands located in the digestive tract, such as the liver; Some are small glands distributed on the inner wall of digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Absorption of nutrients: food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids.

Rational nutrition and food safety: 7 P37

Respiratory system: The respiratory system of human body consists of respiratory tract and lungs. The respiratory system has the structure and function suitable for gas exchange with the outside world.

Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus, which are channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs.

The function of respiratory tract: the passage of gas, which processes the inhaled gas and makes the gas in the lungs warm, moist and clean.

Gas exchange between the lung and the outside world: the lung is the main organ of the respiratory system, located in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right. The left lung has two pages and the right lung has three leaves. Unconsciously, your lungs are already exhaling and inhaling rhythmically.

Movement pattern of lung: 7p48,49.

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood: 7 P50.

A person breathes more than 20,000 times a day and exchanges at least 1 10,000 liters of gas with the environment every day.

Composition of blood: Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. There is a thin layer of white material at the junction of the two layers, which is white blood cells and platelets.

Plasma: substances needed to transport blood cells and maintain human life activities and wastes produced in the body.

Blood cells: Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. After blood stratification, red blood cells are red in the lower layer, and white blood cells and platelets are fine white at the junction of the two layers.

Red blood cells: The most red blood cells are round cakes with concave sides. They have no nucleus and hemoglobin that can carry oxygen.

Leukocyte: It has a nucleus, which is larger than red blood cells. It can penetrate the capillary wall, surround and devour bacteria.

Platelet: the smallest blood cell, with no nucleus and irregular shape, which can release substances related to coagulation.

Arteries, capillaries and veins: 7 under P66.

Cardiac anatomical map: 7P68.

Schematic diagram of heart work: 7 times of P69.

Blood circulation pattern diagram: 7 P70

Systemic circulation: blood enters the aorta from the left ventricle, then flows through arteries, capillary networks and veins at all levels of the body, and finally collects in the superior and inferior vena cava and returns to the right atrium. This circulatory pathway is called systemic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation: the blood flowing back to the right atrium is pressed into the pulmonary artery through the right ventricle, flows through the capillary network of the lung, and then flows back to the left atrium from the pulmonary vein. This circulation path is called pulmonary circulation.

Systemic circulation means that blood starts from the left side of the heart and returns to the right side. Pulmonary circulation means that blood starts from the right side of the heart and returns to the left side, thus forming a complete blood circulation path.

1900, the Austrian scientist Landstein discovered the blood type.

Blood transfusion relation table: 7 times that of P76.

Urinary system composition: 7 lower P80

Kidney: the organ that forms urine. Each kidney includes about 654.38+0 million structural and functional units, which are called nephrons. Each unit consists of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.

Schematic diagram of internal structure of kidney: P8 1 7.

Urine formation chart: 7 P82.

Bladder: temporary storage of raw urine.

Significance of urination

Harmless treatment of human excrement: P85-87

Basic structure and function of eyeball: 7 times P89

The process of vision formation: the light reflected by external objects passes through cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body in turn, is refracted by lens, and finally falls on retina, forming an object image. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cells transmit image information to a certain area of the brain through the optic nerve, and people have vision.

Basic structure and function of the ear: 7 P93.

The process of hearing formation: P94 under 7

Composition of nervous system: The nervous system consists of brain, bone marrow and its nerves.

Composition and function of nervous system: 7 P98.

Neurons: Neurons, also called nerve cells, are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system. There are hundreds of millions of neurons in the human body.

The basic regulation of nerves is reflex.

Reflex: The regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

Schematic diagram of steamed bread flying: 7 times P 102.

The human body regulates its own life activities through various simple or complex reflexes, so as to quickly respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.

The main endocrine glands that constitute the endocrine system: 7 P 106.

The life activities of human body are mainly regulated by nervous system, but also influenced by hormone regulation.

Fourth unit

It shows that human beings originated from forest apes.

The ancestors of modern apes and humans are forest apes.

40 Structure and Function of Male and Female Reproductive System (P9)

Testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperm and secretes androgen. Ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs and secretes estrogen.

4 1 Physical changes in adolescence

(1) The height suddenly increased, and the nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions were also significantly enhanced. (2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

42 main nutrients needed by human body

Six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Three nutrients in human body: sugar, fat and protein.

43 main diseases caused by vitamin deficiency in human body

Lack of vitamin A: dry skin, night blindness (unclear at night), dry eye, etc.

Vitamin B 1 deficiency: neuritis, beriberi (vitamin B 1 deficiency), indigestion, loss of appetite, etc.

Lack of vitamin C: scurvy, decreased resistance, etc.

Lack of vitamin D: rickets, osteoporosis, etc.

Vitamin D can promote the absorption of phosphorus and calcium and bone development.

The composition of human digestive system. (Book P32 Diagram and P34 Explaining Graph)

The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands.

The digestive tract is a long tube. Digestive glands can be divided into two categories:

Some are large digestive glands located outside the digestive tract, such as the liver, and some are small glands distributed on the wall of the digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

Starch, fat and protein in food are all organic substances with large molecules and complex structures. After entering the digestive system, they are gradually decomposed into simple materials before being absorbed by the human body. This process is called digestion. Digestion is mainly carried out through the action of various digestive enzymes. Besides salivary amylase in the mouth, there are many digestive enzymes in the stomach, small intestine and other organs.

Starch, maltose and glucose: fat, glycerol and fatty acids.

Protein amino acid

Food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids. Small intestine is the main organ for human body to absorb nutrition. After various nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and other places, they are transported to the whole body with the blood of internal blood vessels. The stomach can absorb water, inorganic salts and alcohol. The large intestine absorbs a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.

Salivary amylase that begins to digest oral sugar.

Stomach protein begins to digest pepsin.

Small intestine sugar, protein, fat, enzymes that can digest sugar, fat and protein.

46 Pay attention to food safety

1, pay attention to the nutritional ingredients, whether there are additives on food packaging, production date, shelf life, manufacturer and manufacturer's address.

2. According to the production date and shelf life, it is estimated whether it will expire.

3. When you buy food, you should see whether the color of the food is fresh or not, and whether it is hard to touch with your hands. When buying fish, it depends on whether the color is shiny and whether the meat is stamped with the seal of the quarantine department.

Composition of human respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs. (Volume 43)

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus in the respiratory system are the channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs, which are called respiratory tract.

The nose is the starting position of the respiratory tract, and the throat is the channel for breathing and the organ for making sounds. The lung is the main organ of the respiratory system.

47. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood:

In exhaled gas, the oxygen content decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases. How did this change happen?

The inhaled gas reaches the alveoli formed at the end of the thinnest branch of the bronchi along the branches of the bronchi in the lung. Extraalveolar bread is surrounded by abundant capillaries. Both alveolar wall and capillary wall are flat epithelial cells. When inhaling, many alveoli bulge like small balloons, and oxygen in the air enters the blood through the alveolar wall and capillary wall. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through the capillary wall and alveolar wall, and then is excreted with the exhalation process.

Composition and function of blood

Blood consists of plasma and blood cells.

(1) plasma (morphology): After blood stratification, the upper layer is light yellow transparent liquid.

(Function): Carrying blood cells, transporting substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.

(2) Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

A. red blood cells: (morphology) after blood stratification, red blood cells are in the lower layer and are red. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus.

Places with high oxygen content are easy to combine with oxygen.

It is easy to be separated from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.

(Function): It has the function of transporting oxygen.

B. White blood cells: (morphology): nucleated and spherical. Function: defense and protection.

Features: White blood cells can penetrate the capillary wall, concentrate on the invasion site of germs, surround and devour germs.

C. Platelets: morphology: irregular shape, no nucleus. Function: It can stop bleeding and accelerate blood coagulation.

49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels

Concept and function of vascular types.

Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The blood vessels are thick and elastic, and the blood flow velocity in the tubes is fast.

Veins carry blood from all parts of the body to the heart. The blood vessel wall is thin, the elasticity is small and the blood flow is slow.

Capillary connects at least the blood vessels between arteries and veins, and is the place where blood and intercellular substances exchange. The tube wall is thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.

50 Structure and function of heart (P68 diagram)

The heart wall is mainly composed of myocardium, and the heart has four cavities: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Only the ipsilateral atrium is connected to the ventricle (Figure P69). Aorta is connected with left ventricle, pulmonary artery is connected with right ventricle, there are valves between ipsilateral atrium and ventricle, and between ventricle and artery. These valves are one-way, and can only flow in one direction, but not in reverse.

5 1 human systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation (P70)

Systemic circulation: blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, then through the arteries and capillaries of the whole body, and finally into the superior and inferior vena cava. The circulation flowing back to the right atrium passes through the systemic circulation, and the bright red arterial blood becomes dark red venous blood.

Pulmonary circulation: blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, then through the capillary network of the lung, and finally returns from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. After pulmonary circulation, dark red venous blood becomes bright red arterial blood again.

Distinguish arterial blood from venous blood

Arterial blood: rich in oxygen and bright red in color. Venous blood: low oxygen content, dark red color.

Blood transfusion, blood type and voluntary blood donation

It's time for blood transfusion, and the principle should be to input the same type of blood. (Table P76)

Blood type acceptable blood type convertible blood type

O A，AB

B B、O B、AB

AB A、B、AB、O AB

O O A、B、AB、O

A blood loss > 1200 ~ 1500ml: life-threatening.

> 800 ~ 1000 ml: dizziness, heartbeat, black eyes and cold sweat.

> 400 ml: the lost plasma components and blood cells will return to normal in a short time.

Since 1998, China has implemented a voluntary blood donation system to encourage healthy citizens aged 18~55 to donate blood voluntarily. Healthy adults donate 200 ~ 300ml of blood each time, which will not affect their health.

Composition of human urinary system

The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.

The kidney is the organ that forms urine.

Ureter, bladder and catheter are the channels for urination, and bladder also has the function of temporarily storing urine. (Volume 80)

The formation and excretion of urine. (Figure P8 1) (Figure P82)

Formation of urine: The kidney is the organ that forms urine. The formation of urine mainly goes through two continuous processes: filtration and reabsorption. The formation of urine is mainly related to nephron. The glomerulus in nephron and the renal capsule wall near it play a filtering role. When blood

When flowing through the glomerular and renal capsule wall, in addition to protein and macromolecules of blood cells, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea, etc., can enter the renal capsule through glomerular filtration. The fluid in the renal capsule is called protourine. The urine produced by human body every day is about 150 liter.

When the original urine flows through the renal tubule, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed by the renal tubule, enter the capillaries around the renal tubule and return to the blood, while the remaining water, inorganic salts and urea form urine. The human body excretes about 1.5 liters of urine every day.

Urine excretion: urine formed in the kidney flows into the bladder through the ureter for temporary storage. When the urine in the bladder is stored to a certain amount, people will feel micturition, micturition and urine will be excreted through the urethra. Urinating can not only discharge waste, but also regulate the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body and maintain the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.

56. The structure of the eyeball and the formation of vision:

Structure of eyeball: (Figure) The main structures related to visual formation are cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body and retina.

The formation of vision: the light reflected by external objects passes through the cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body, refracted by the lens, and finally falls on the retina to form an object image. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina, which transmit image information to the visual center of the cerebral cortex through the optic nerve, thus forming vision.

57. The composition and function of the nervous system:

Composition of nervous system:

Central nervous system-brain: 1. Cerebellum 2. Brain stem 3. Brain.

Peripheral nervous system: 1. Cranial nerve II. Spinal nerve 3. Spinal cord.

Function of nervous system: Excitement after stimulation and conduction.

58. The basic way of neural regulation and the structure of reflex arc:

The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex. The structural basis of reflection is reflex arc.

Reflex: The regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

For example, simple reflexes such as knee-jumping reflex and hand-shrinking reflex, and complex reflexes such as watching plums quench their thirst and saying that plums secrete saliva.

Reflections related to language and writing, such as looking at plums to quench thirst, are complex and unique to human beings.

The structure of reflex arc: receptor → afferent nerve → nerve center → efferent nerve → effector.

59. The role of several hormones in the human body:

(1) The role of growth hormone:

Short stature caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone in childhood of dwarfism patients.

Height of patients with gigantism caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone in childhood.

(2) Thyroid hormone:

Iodine deficiency can lead to endemic goiter.

Iodine deficiency in childhood can lead to dementia.

(3) Insulin (islet secretion)

Insufficient insulin secretion can lead to diabetes.

59. Skills Training: [Design Control Experiment]

See P 109, the textbook in the second volume of the previous grade.

60. The impact of human activities on biology:

(1) Deforestation seriously damages the ecological environment, exacerbates soil erosion and causes sandstorms.

(2) Air pollution will form acid rain.

(3) Water pollution will destroy the water ecosystem.

(4) Invasion of alien species will seriously harm local organisms.

(5) Human activities will also improve the ecological environment.