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The first large-scale integration: The four major ethnic groups in China were integrated into the land of China during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties of the Han nationality, and all ethnic groups were scattered around. Generally speaking, there are ancient Qiang, Yi, Miao, Bashu, Baiyue and Southwest Yi.

The ancient Qiang is also called Rong Di, and the totem is sheep. Yanhuang nationality comes from the ancient Qiang nationality and is distributed in Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Until the Spring and Autumn Period, there were Rong of the Jiang family and Di of the Ji family.

Yi people are good at archery, and their totem is birds, which are mainly distributed in Shandong Peninsula and Huaihe River Basin in the east, and are called "Dongyi". The founder of Shang Dynasty is a branch of Yi.

Miao people were called "Sanmiao" in ancient times, Man Jing in Shang Dynasty, and Chu State was established in Western Zhou Dynasty.

Baiyue is located in the southeast coastal areas, mainly including wuyue, Yangyue, Dongou, Fujian, South Vietnam, Western Europe and Luoyue. According to the Records of Geography of Hanshu, Baiyue has its own caste.

Bashu is also the country of Cuba and Sichuan ancient Shu. They created an advanced bronze civilization.

After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou people thought they were the successors of the Xia Dynasty, so they called themselves "Xia people" and "Huaxia", and they were collectively called "Zhu Xia" when they were enfeoffed to the vassal states of the Central Plains. In fact, Zhou people are also from the highest branch of Qiang people, and Zhou people are also a nation produced by the long-term marriage of Ji and Jiang. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, Zhou people called the surrounding ethnic groups Dongyi, Beidi, Xirong and Nanman, collectively referred to as Siyi. The ethnic relationship between China and foreigners was thus formed.

Huaxia and Sisi Lee

During the Spring and Autumn Period, with the long-term war for hegemony among countries, there was a large-scale integration of "Four Foreigners" and China. Qin constantly fought with Xirong and annexed a large number of Rongzu countries. Kim constantly attacked the north; Qi annexed Lai and other countries in the East. This annexation phenomenon made the "four foreigners" integrated into Chinese civilization. In the south, Chu, Wu and Yue countries have absorbed a lot of China culture, and they have been continuously integrated into the China system.

Chunqiu territory

During the Warring States Period, centralization of authority was established, and the speed of foreign expansion was accelerated. Qin annexed Bashu, Chu unified the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Yan unified western Liaoning and Liaodong, and Zhao annexed Zhongshan to conquer Loufan. This expansion basically laid the foundation for the later unification of the Huaxia civilization circle and Qin State.

Before 22 1, the Qin dynasty unified the six countries. Then the Qin Dynasty conquered Baiyue area. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he conquered South Vietnam, East Vietnam and Southwest China and occupied Hexi Corridor. At this time, Baiyue nationality and Qiang nationality further merged with Huaxia nationality. So a new nation came into being, that is, the Han nationality. However, it should be noted that the integration of Baiyue, Southwest Yi and Xiqiang into the Han nationality is a long-term process.

Qin dynasty territory

Second Integration: During the Wei and Jin Dynasties when Wuhu entered China, nomadic peoples such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Anta, Qiang and Di in the north began to enter the Central Plains on a large scale, and the second national integration began to take shape. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, these ethnic minorities launched the "Yongjia Rebellion", which led to the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty.

After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were two important national integration trends. One is that the Kim moved south, and the crown was crossed south. A large number of Han people migrated to the southeast, which accelerated the integration with Baiyue nationality. Second, northern nomads moved into the northern region. They constantly absorbed the cultural customs of the Han nationality and began to sinicize.

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a war of sixteen countries in the north, but many ethnic groups were learning the culture of the Han nationality. For example, the former Qin established the idea of governing the country with Confucianism. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Tuoba nationality of Xianbei nationality unified sixteen countries and established the "Northern Wei Dynasty". Empress Hu and Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty vigorously promoted the policy of comprehensive sinicization, so that Xianbei and other ethnic groups who entered the Central Plains gradually merged into the Han nationality. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains were basically sinicized.

The great ethnic integration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties brought fresh blood to the Han nationality and created conditions for further reunification. 589 years ago, the Sui Dynasty unified the Chen Dynasty and finally completed the unification of the north and the south. After that, the Tang Dynasty became more powerful, and the royal family in the Tang Dynasty was of Xianbei descent.

The third integration: the formation of the Chinese nation After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the sphere of influence of the Han nationality was basically limited to the south of the Great Wall. However, the nation in the northeast has once again become strong. The Qidan nationality established the Liao State in the northeast. Liao carried out the North-South Courtyard System, governed Han by Han and governed foreigners by foreigners, and achieved great results. China culture was constantly absorbed by Liao country, and finally the Khitan nationality gradually became Chinese. After the demise of Liao, Western Liao promoted Chinese culture in the Western Regions. Later, Central Asia and Russia called China "Khitan", which was influenced by Liao.

After Jin destroyed Liao and Northern Song Dynasties, it occupied the Central Plains, and a large number of Nuzhen migrated to the mainland. After decades and hundreds of years of integration, when the gold was destroyed in Mongolia, there was no difference between the Han nationality and the Jurchen nationality in the Central Plains, and they were collectively called "Han people".

/kloc-In the 3rd century, Mongolia rose, wiped out Western Liao, Xixia, Jin State, Tubo, Dali and Southern Song Dynasty, completed the unification of East Asia and established an unprecedented Yuan Dynasty. When Mongolia entered the Central Plains, it was also learning the culture of the Central Plains, but the degree of sinicization was very insufficient and it finally failed. However, the Yuan Dynasty eliminated the separatist regime in the Southern Song Dynasty and created conditions for national reunification. During this period, the cultures of the Western Regions, Central Asia and the North and South began to merge, and Yuan Opera flourished.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, a strict policy of distinguishing between China people and foreigners was implemented, resulting in little achievements in the territory. However, the Ming Dynasty achieved unprecedented success in the southwest. Zhu Yuanzhang vigorously promoted the policy of emigrating to the southwest, stationing wasteland and guarding the border, accelerated the reform in the southwest, and gradually incorporated Yunnan-Guizhou area into the Chinese cultural area in the mainland.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was abolished, and the "Discrimination between Chinese and foreigners" was promoted. It was believed that the Han nationality and the surrounding ethnic groups were all ethnic groups in China. China was used as the country name for the first time in the Qing Dynasty, which laid a legal foundation for China. The expansion of territory in Qing Dynasty basically unified the East Asian continent and laid the foundation for the territory of modern China. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Manchu actively studied Chinese culture. By the late Qing Dynasty, there was little difference between Manchu and Han nationality. As a result, Liang Qichao put forward the concept of Chinese nation in the late Qing Dynasty, while Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries put forward the idea of "harmony among five ethnic groups".