On the Early Ethnic Development in China from Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties to Qin and Han Dynasties

This is the information I found for you about the national development of the early Huaxia nationality in China:

In the Zhou Dynasty, people who followed the etiquette and kept the etiquette and righteousness were called Han, Han, Xia and Xia, and were generally called Zhu Hua and Zhu Xia. In ancient books, "Hua" and "Xia" are the Central Plains, and "Yi" and "Yi" are the four directions. China is also called China, Midsummer, Middle-earth and China.

The ancestors of the Han nationality, Huangdi and Yan Di, competed for the leader of the tribal alliance in the Central Plains. Yan Di tribe was defeated and merged into Huangdi tribe, and the Yanhuang Alliance was formed. Later, in the battle of Zhuolu, they defeated Chiyou, the leader of the Jiuli nationality of Dongyi Group, and expanded their alliance power to today's Shandong. Later, Yan Di tribe and Huangdi tribe were the main groups, and formed a larger Huaxia tribe alliance with some Dongyi tribes in Shandong, and the origin of Huaxia tribe was basically finalized. From 2 100 BC to 770 BC, descendants of Huangdi nationality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River successively established Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty.

clarify

Hua and Xia are homophones in ancient times, and Ben are common to each other. In Zuo Zhuan, the phrase "Chinese people don't seek summer, and foreigners don't mess with China" is synonymous with China and Xia, and China is summer. "Hua" is also called "midsummer", and Confucius regards "Xia" and "Hua" as synonyms. "Hua" and "Xia" have a very lofty position in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. About the Spring and Autumn Period, China ancient books began to use "Hua" and "Xia" together, which was called "Huaxia nation".

Huaxia is a self-proclaimed name of ancient Han people, and it is often called "Xia" or "Hua" in pre-Qin classics. Used to distinguish the four barbarians (Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi). Now it is used as the title of China and Han nationality.

"Huaxia", commonly known as China, is said that about 5000 years ago, there were many tribes between Huashan and Xiashui in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin, among which the later Yan Di tribe and Huangdi tribe were more important. The "Chinese nation" formed by the integration of Yanhuang tribes is the "descendants of China". According to the records of the Five Emperors, the head of the Five Emperors was the Yellow Emperor, and later people called the Yellow Emperor the ancestor of the Chinese people. After the Yellow Emperor, Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Yu Xia and others are the most famous. Yu is the leader of the tribe, surnamed Yu, also known as Dayu. Xia Dayu played an important role in water control and became the first dynasty in China after the Central Plains tribe * * *.

Xia Dynasty was a central political power in ancient times, and "Xia people" were "China people" and "Huaxia" was synonymous with China. A region with high culture is called "Summer", and a nation or ethnic group with high civilization is called "China". Taken together, "Huaxia" represents that China is a central power with a high degree of civilization and developed culture, and "Huaxia" has become synonymous with the Chinese nation over time.

In China's credible literature, the word Huaxia first appeared in Shangshu Wucheng. "Huaxia is quite arrogant and useless." The pseudo-biography of Confucius is interpreted as "crowned as a Chinese costume, and a big country is summer." "Zuo Zhuan Ding Gong Ten Years": "No summer, no chaos in China" [2]? . "Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan Justice": "China has a big gift, so it is called Xia; There is the beauty of service seal, which is called China. " [3]? That is to say, because China is a country of etiquette, it is called "Xia", which means elegance. People in China wear beautiful clothes and pretend to be "flashy".

The Chinese entry in The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain is: 2 100 BC-770 years ago, Xia, merchants, Zhou and other tribes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River lived together for a long time and gradually formed the Chinese nation.

According to the information recorded in the pre-Qin literature and the scope of the capital of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the ancestors of the Han nationality generally lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River from Longshan in the west to Taishan in the east. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, which are mainly distributed in this area, are the cultural remains of ancient Han ancestors. These two civilizations are representatives of the Chinese civilization circle.

Since about 5000 BC,

Yan Huang Erdi Statue

The Chinese nation (Han nationality) originated and gradually developed in the central plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. After entering the Neolithic Age, it experienced the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, it was said that there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, and the leader was the Yellow Emperor. There is also a tribe named Jiang headed by Emperor Yan in the East. Both originated from Shaodian, a primitive farming clan, but there were often frictions between the two sides. The battle of Hanquan finally broke out between the two tribes in the Central Plains, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Emperor Yan. After that, the two tribes formed an alliance and captured the surrounding tribes, and the predecessor of Huaxia Kingdom was born.

Ancient legends also describe that Han ancestors experienced a long era of primitive commune system. Before the Yellow Emperor, he passed through a matriarchal clan tribe (see matriarchal clan system). The legend about the Yellow Emperor marks the change from matriarchal clan tribe to paternal clan tribe (see paternal clan system) and enters the stage of tribal alliance. Yao, Shun and Yu, who successively became the leaders of the big tribal alliance in the form of abdication after the Yellow Emperor, are considered to be descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

In 2 1 century BC, the primitive commune system in the Central Plains came to the end of history, and class society appeared in the land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. There was a dispute between Yan Di in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and Huangdi in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. The small clan in Yan Di was classified as Huangdi Sect, and Huangdi became the ancestor of humanistic Taoism. Yanhuang was reunified into Huaxia nationality, and Shaodian clan was reunified. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are also unified, which is the system of the world. This official has a standard written language and Mandarin. Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, so China entered a centralized system and an imperial system. Then the Han Dynasty was established and ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly, and the distribution of Han population was still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. Since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population has gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China on a large scale. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, Han people entered Central Asia and Yunnan. By the time of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the population of Han nationality in the south had surpassed that in the north. After Manchuria, Han Chinese were forbidden to enter the northeast, and in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, Han Chinese were allowed to enter the northeast. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of northern Han Chinese were introduced. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.

The history of China (Han nationality) began with Yanhuang, followed by Zhuan Xu, Yao, Shun, Xia, Shang and Zhou. Before the Zhou Dynasty, "Hua" or "Xia" had only one name. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, even China's name has appeared.

According to Zuo Qiuming, Sima Qian and other ancient historians, the five emperors have the same root and three generations have the same origin. However, as a nation, it is always in the process of movement, development and change. Many clans and tribes living in the Central Plains have long had marriage, war, alliance and trade. This is a process of infiltration and integration, and they are gradually consistent in all aspects of life. Therefore, in the process of the formation of the Chinese nation, the blood identity of * * * is the first, that is, they are all descendants of China. Heluo, as the hometown of Emperor Yanhuang, is also the birthplace of the Chinese nation.

What is "Hua"? Shuo Wen Jie Zi says, "Hua," Some people also talked about the origin of place names. Actually, it has a deeper meaning. The ancients explained that "Zhang Yuehua was adopted for coronation", which was different from that of Yi Emperor wearing a left robe, because the ancestors of Heluo had been wearing a crown and a wide coat since Emperor Yanhuang. This kind of clothing is actually totem worship. The words "Hua" and "Hua" existed in ancient times. The Emperor Yanhuang took Qiao as his mother, and Qiao, who lived in Pingfeng Mountain in the northwest of Luoyang, took bees as his totem. Bees gather flowers to make honey, which naturally extends from the worship of bees to the worship of flowers. Chinese descendants call themselves Hua (China), which should also come from this.

What does "summer" mean? "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Summer, China people are also." "China" here refers to the ancient Heluo area. At a deeper level, "summer" should actually originate from pheasants. This kind of pheasant was called "Xiazhai" in ancient times. There is a saying in Shangshu Gong Yu that "I am afraid to go to the village". In Justice in Ying Da, Confucius said, "When birds are released, they say,' Zhai, a pheasant'. This statement is Xia Zhai, so Xia Hezhai is a pheasant name. " The ancient people used pheasant feathers as dancing tools, which was called "Summer Dance". Li Zhou has an official position called Dyer, whose duty is to dye silk and silks, which is called "Dyeing Summer". The reason is that the dyed silk is brightly colored and looks like a pheasant. The ancients thought that Heluo area was a gathering place for pheasants, and "Er Ya Shi Bird" said: "Elo is the south, and all the qualities are prepared." Yi is a pheasant with bright feathers.

Pheasant is called Xia, also called thrush (). Guo Pu put forward this view in the annotation of Shan Hai Jing ·Xi· Shan Jing. All these indicate that the names of Luohe and Luoyi are closely related to pheasants (summer). Later, it should be reasonable for the Xia Dynasty, whose capital was Yanshi Erlitou, to be named "Xia".

Huaxia people are famous for their worship of flowers and pheasants, which are known as "a hundred flowers blossom".

Confucius in the Tang Dynasty said, "China calls it summer with courtesy and righteousness; It has the beauty of service and seal, so it is called China. China, Xiayi also ". The Chinese created most of the history of China. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, and an unprecedented centralized country appeared, with a vast territory and a large population. Later, Huaxia people were also called Qin people, Han people and even Tang people. Later, the term "Chinese nation" covered all ethnic groups in China.

form

From about 5000 BC, the Chinese nation originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually, entering the Neolithic Age. It has gone through the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a Xia tribe named Ji in central Henan, headed by Huangdi, and a tribe named Jiang in the south, with frequent frictions between the two sides. The dispute between the two tribes finally broke out in Hanquan, when Huangdi defeated Yandi and Huaxia was born. Teacher Song talked about Taoism and nature, and teacher She Yuan mentioned that the Book of Changes was the first of all the classics, which was the product before the fire civilization. In other words, a part of Chinese civilization itself is a civilization created by natural laws. Then, with the birth of fire civilization, the Yanhuang clan created the Chinese civilization, and these two parts are the real creators of Chinese civilization, namely nature and Chinese ancestors. This is why Chinese civilization has emphasized the unity of heaven and man and the nature of Taoism since its birth. This concept has made the Chinese nation rapidly become powerful and adapt to the environment, and has also become a firm leader and developer of this civilization, profoundly affecting the development model of mankind. Some people think that Chinese civilization is the fusion of regional cultures, which is only caused by the fusion theory of some scholars. The source of civilization in these areas is still the same, which can be seen from the jade articles of each new era. Liangzhu can be traced back to 6500 years ago, and the history of river maps can be traced back to 25000 years ago. Multi-source view can be ignored and multi-branch view can be accepted. In prehistoric regional culture, there is no concept of Yi nationality, and there is no materialized display of the outer circle of ritual vessels, so it is necessary to identify its ethnic groups carefully.

Figure: Dragon tiles

Living in the Yellow River valley is an ancient tribe in China, and there have been tribal leaders such as Tunren and Youchao. About 5000 BC, there was a flood and the population was greatly reduced. Fuxi Nuwa tribe is a survivor in the Central Plains. They moved to Guanzhong (later China), and some survivors moved to the north of Qinling Mountains (later summer). After the flood receded, the Dongyi people who originally lived in the east moved westward, and the Sanmiao tribe in the south moved northward, occupying a vast area from the Central Plains to the seaside. The Huaxia nationality moved eastward, and they moved eastward along the Yangtze River to Hunan, Wu and other places, assimilating or expelling the local Sanmiao tribe Chiyou.

Battle of Hanquan

The Yellow Emperor was well governed, and everyone in the world recommended him as the new son of heaven. Emperor Yan had to contend with him, so the famous battle of Hanquan came into being, Emperor Yan.

We didn't meet the Yellow Emperor tribe, but decided the outcome through the debate in the temple. Osaka is an ancient wooden tool for diverting water. There is an earthen pond on each side of Yandi Huangdi. Every time we argue who wins, whoever puts the jade carving on the wooden tool in front of him. When the wooden tool is tilted, the water on the wooden tool will flow into the tilted side until the pool is filled first, who will be the final winner. Why did Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor have such a winning and losing way? Because Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor belonged to the same family, and later divided and ruled, the first principle of the civil war in China Dynasty was to unite the family, not to kill each other. Finally, the small clan in Yan Di is classified as the majority of the Yellow Emperor, so from the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor has been regarded as the ancestor of human beings and the symbol of China orthodoxy. Then Chinese civilization is actually an explanation and statement in the blood of China people, so we don't emphasize blood relationship, but judge it by human nature. Therefore, the China dynasty has always had such a concept, that is, the Qing dynasty, rather than the form of genocide. Foreign barbarians must have committed genocide, because they are not in China's blood.

The Chinese nation is called the Han nationality.

The Huaxia people experienced the rebellion of the Qin Dynasty, and immediately established the Dahan Dynasty, a Chinese dynasty with Liu Bang as the emperor. At this time, the Xiongnu and other tribes in the north gradually became stronger. After several generations of recuperation, Dahan began to fight back against these nomadic people who harassed day and night. The Xiongnu nomadic alliance was defeated and fled to Europe. At this point, the reputation of the Han Dynasty was gradually admired and praised by the eastern and western countries, and the Han nationality became an honorary title of China, which continues to this day.

Seal script: Chinese characters

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