Why did Japan appear?

So far, no traces of early Homo erectus have been found in all archaeological sites excavated in Japan, and no sites where humans lived 30,000 years ago have been found. Although the double-sided stone tools and stone chips excavated in Fukui Cave in northern Kyushu are determined to be earlier than 29000 BC [14, ]C (Ebens and Higuchi, 1987) [3], this data alone cannot prove that "Japanese were born in Japan", [4] nor can it prove that Japanese migrated from the mainland. But the most difficult reason to rule out is the cultural similarity between Japanese and China.

Japanese archaeologist Takasuke Qinze [5] believes that from the lower layer of Zaoshuitai site, the zero floor of Su Yan site, the Xingye site,

The paleolithic found in the basement of the site belongs to the Zhoukoudian cultural type in China, and most of the sites found so far are located in the west of Kanto. In which [5]:

1. Zaoshuitai site: 1964, Takasuke Muzawa and others discovered the Zaoshuitai site in Sunrise Town, Oita Prefecture, including timely machetes, sharps and scrapers. It belongs to the Paleolithic Age in the early stage of the third interglacial period of Pleistocene (Reese-Ebony interglacial period).

2. Xingye Site: 1965, paleolithic belonging to the third interglacial period of Pleistocene was also unearthed in Tochigi City, Tochigi County, and its lower culture was similar to that of Zhoukoudian. Gravel stone tools, stone cores, stone chips, etc. It was previously discovered in Dansheng Highland, Oita County, 1959. It belongs to the Paleolithic type in Southeast Asia and has similar characteristics to Zhoukoudian culture.

3. Su Yan Site: 1949, Hideyoshi Nakazawa discovered human-processed obsidian fragments in the red soil of Su Yan Village, Lixian Formation, Xintian County, Gunma County. Later hand (stone) axe, scraper, sharp instrument, etc. Excavated by the Archaeological Research Office of Meiji University, it is earlier than the rope pottery culture and is called Su Yan culture.

The paleolithic unearthed from the above sites confirmed that the Japanese nation is closely related to the human origin of the Chinese nation. Mr. Pei Wenzhong, a famous vertebrate paleontologist in China, also pointed out: [6] The paleolithic unearthed from Zaoshuitai site in Japan has many similarities with the cultural site of Zhoukoudian 15 site in Beijing in terms of raw materials, shapes and production methods. The stone balls found at Shangchang site in Kagoshima belong to the same type as those unearthed at Xu Jiayao site in China. The sharp tools and scrapers found in Xu Jiayao are very similar to the stone tools unearthed on the seventh and eighth floors of Xingye Site in Tochigi County. Feldspar detritus at the bottom of Yeqi Lake and its scraper are very similar to Shuidonggou site in Ningxia, China.

The above archaeological evidence shows that the people of China and Japan had a close relationship in ancient times. It can be inferred that before the third interglacial period of Pleistocene (620,000 45,000 ABP ~ 230,000 30,000 ABP) [7], there were no aborigines in the Japanese archipelago, and the primitive ancestors of Japan migrated from Chinese mainland. The reason why there are few sites of primitive inhabitants in Japan is that they left Chinese mainland for the early days of Japan. Because of the harsh living conditions, they moved more than settled, so few sites and cultural layers were preserved, which led to the lack of archaeological contact in Japan during this period.

2 Anthropological evidence

From the anthropological point of view, the lower jaw bones of Japanese people have the same characteristics as those of China people.

[8] Fossil Japanese and Mongolians in China are completely similar to American Indians in body. [9] @ ① Kou Qingzhi once pointed out in "The Ancestors of the Japanese" that the Japanese Fossil Man was a branch of the South China Fossil Man who migrated from South China to Japan in the Pleistocene. Imamura sheep once made a biological measurement of the present residents in South China and found that its head index is very similar to that of modern Japanese. The ancient seed base of Tiá n @ ② also used blood type to distinguish different races. The test results show that the blood types of Japanese are O type 365,438+0.5%, A type 37.3%, B type 22. 1% and AB type 9. 1%. Other people with similar blood types are China, Hunan and Hungarians. [9] Judging from the Paleolithic sites in Japan, among the nearly 1,000 sites, less than 10 human bone fossils were unearthed. Fossil people mainly include Akashi, Gesheng, Niuchuan, Sanri, Bangbei, Shengyue and Dishikan.

Cousin. Archaeologists in both China and Japan believe that the hometown of Japanese fossil people is not singular, but plural, and came to the Japanese archipelago from at least two directions. Scholars believe that [8] Paleolithic Japan is a part of the mainland and has convenient connections. At that time, the ancestors of the Japanese were descendants of Beijingers. It takes a long time from the mainland to Japan, and from the north to Japan via South Korea. It is wuyue who goes to Japan by sea from the south.

From the perspective of anthropolinguistics, Japanese has similar characteristics to Mongolian in phonetic structure and phonological organization. First of all, both Japanese and Mongolian are "sticky words", that is, words themselves have no grammatical function, nouns need a follow-up auxiliary word, and verbs need a follow-up auxiliary verb; Secondly, the characteristics of adhesive language stipulate that the basic rhythm of Japanese verse is five tones, which can be verified by pillow words, which is very similar to China's two-part allegorical saying (originated in the era of no words, rooted in spoken language, and has no place in word-centered literature); Moreover, the format and rhythm of the harmony song, that is, the formation of the odd rhythm of the short song, is due to the "external contact of culture" (see Hasegawa's Japanese Short Poetry Literature). [10] Professor Shao Yan @

3 environmental archaeological evidence

Geological survey shows that after the last glacial period of the Late Pleistocene (about1.8000 years ago-1.5000 years ago), the global climate became warmer and the sea level rose, and all parts of Japan entered a period of transgression, and the Sea of Japan, the Korean Strait, the Tsutsugaru Strait and the Zonggu Strait were successively formed around them, and Japan gradually separated from the mainland. By the Holocene, the coastlines all over Japan

Retreat formed today's Japanese archipelago. In Holocene prehistoric times, Japan was mainly in a relatively independent development period.

Judging from the history of civilization development reflected by Japanese archaeological sites, it has experienced Paleolithic Age, Neolithic Age and Iron Age. Japan's Paleolithic Age is also called "Qianrope Culture" or "Soilless Age". The paleolithic unearthed in this cultural layer belongs to Zhoukoudian cultural type in China. In this cultural order, there are knife-shaped utensils, pointed utensils, scrapers, carvers and stone chippers, and the most obvious feature of this culture is that there is no pottery.

According to geological research, [1 1] The regression caused by the last ice age (15 thousand years ago) made the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea smaller, and China and Japan could cross this natural barrier, which led to the exchange of ancient cultures. If we investigate many sites of the microlithic culture in the Yimin River, Nenjiang River, Songhua River, Liaohe River, Yi Shu and other river basins, it is not difficult for people to connect these sites to Japan in the east, thus confirming the history of ancient cultural exchanges between China and Japan. The * * nature of Fukuoka culture in Japan and Zaqinol culture in Northeast China also confirms this point. For example, in terms of time, both of them are cultural sites 10 1000 years ago, both of which are pottery pieces and microliths. Professor Lin Zuoqian, a Japanese archaeologist [1 1], believes that if the above situation is true, then the cradle of Fukuoka culture in Japan may be in Zatanol, China.

Ten thousand years ago, how could primitive ancestors have crossed the ocean to bring Zazie Noel culture to Japan? According to the Book of Changes, in the Yao and Shun era of the Yellow Emperor, "logging is a boat, logging is a boat, and it is beneficial to the boat to save traffic." Mozi also said, "What is it for? This is the mausoleum and the boat is the valley, which is beneficial to all directions. " In the cultural layer unearthed in China seven or eight thousand years ago, boats are not an individual phenomenon. During the period of Hemudu and Qian Shan foreign culture, wooden paddles were widely used by the ancients. Boat-shaped stone tools, boat-shaped scraper, etc. What has been unearthed from the site of guo jia cun in Dalian shows that ancient ancestors were able to cross the Japanese Strait and reach Japanese territory by boat 10,000 years ago. Although it is difficult to verify his migration motivation, cultural exchange is inevitable. This similarity in shape and pattern of pottery unearthed in China and Japan can be further confirmed. For example, the lower culture of Xiaozhushan in Liaodong Peninsula and the lower culture of Houwa are mainly embossed patterns with certain descriptive patterns, which are similar to the claw-shaped patterns popular in the western part of Kanto in Japan in the early days of rope patterns, that is, patterns made of broken bamboo joints or shells. The straight cylindrical jar with parallel lines, pulse lines and grid lines of the former is also of this type in Morisaka pottery in central Japan.

Another evidence of racial communication in this period is the spread of rice in Japan. Archaeologists have confirmed that the birthplace of rice is China. [13] At present, Neolithic rice remains have been found in China, including carbonized rice, rice husk and straw preserved in braised soil, rice marks on pottery pieces and so on. It has been found in several places in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River (such as Hemudu in Yuyao, Zhejiang), several places in the middle reaches (such as Qujialing and Jingshan in Hubei) and more than 30 places in the southwest of South China, dating back to BC. [ 12]

It is generally believed that Japanese rice cultivation originated in China. [13] There are three routes for rice to be introduced into Japan, namely, from South China and Central China via land and sea; Second, it was introduced through the southwest sea route; The third is to reach the Korean peninsula by land (Hebei, Liaoning) or by sea (Shandong), and then from the southern part of the peninsula. Geographically, the most likely route is the third route, which is via the Korean Peninsula. Since continental ground stone tools (stone sword with handle, stone arrow and stone axe with columnar blade) have been unearthed in Kitakyushu, rice marks printed on "night mortar pottery" (rope-patterned deep bowl-shaped pottery) and more than 100 grains of carbonized rice have been found in Banfu paddy field site in Fukuoka Prefecture. Beating and grinding stone knives for picking rice ears were also found in the late rope-grain sites. These stone knives have been unearthed in Korea, Liaodong Peninsula in China and North China. Therefore, it can be inferred that people who master rice cultivation techniques brought rice seeds and production tools from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula to Ma Haixia, and spread rice cultivation techniques to Japan. However, in recent years, some scholars [13] prefer the "Central China Theory", that is, rice cultivation techniques were introduced to South Korea and Japan from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River through the East China Sea at about 10 century or later. Therefore, it is considered that the emergence of rice farming in the late rope grain period and the further development of Yayoi culture were imported by sea traffic.

In addition to rice, stone and wood farmers have many kinds and methods of use, which can be traced back to the remains of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Which route is more reliable, this paper will not make a conclusion for the time being, but one thing is certain, that is, Japanese rice cultivation techniques were introduced from China, and China immigrants played an extremely important role in promoting Japan's development from rope culture to yayoi culture.

If the first migration of human beings from the mainland is an epoch-making change of human beings in the Japanese archipelago from scratch, then the introduction of rice farming technology is an important milestone in the history of Japanese national development.

4 Textual research on Historical Records

From the third century BC to the third century AD, Japan entered the Yayoi era, that is, the era of stone and stone combination in Japanese history. At this time, China has entered the heyday of feudal society, and ironware has been widely used. Therefore, the cultural exchange and development between China and Japan have had a great impact on the development of Japanese social production. Yayoi culture is actually produced by absorbing Japanese culture on the basis of rope culture.

In the long years, although the rope man developed the stone culture to an amazing height, it was based on fishing and hunting after all, and there was no huge energy accumulated in it, which could cause changes in the times. The sudden Yayoi culture has created a "gap" in the long river of Japanese history, that is, the main production tools unearthed from Yayoi site are stone tools and iron, skipping the bronze stage; The systems of rope pottery and yayoi pottery are very different, and China lacks an organic inheritance relationship. Therefore, no matter from which point of view, Yayoi culture is not the product of the natural evolution of rope culture, but a highly developed foreign civilization, which made a revolutionary leap in Japanese history around the third century BC.

According to textual research, [14] the early Japanese immigrants in China at the end of the rope pattern era may be the ancestors of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and wuyue. Kanda Hideo [14] noticed the chain relationship between the historical events in ancient China and Japan, and pointed out that Gou Jian, the king of Yue, destroyed Wu in 473 BC and Xiong Shang destroyed Yue in 333 BC, causing a large number of refugees to cross the boat to the east. These non-group early immigrants became the prelude to the huge, long-lasting and far-reaching immigration wave in Qin and Han Dynasties (Japanese China Culture by Hideo Kanda). [ 14]

Some Qin people, unable to bear the oppression and slavery of the Qin dynasty, were displaced in the war and moved eastward by land through the Korean peninsula until Kyushu; Those who go by sea enter the sea from Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and cross the Yellow Sea or the East China Sea to Kyushu. In Japanese classics, such as Japanese Secretary, New Records of Surnames, Old sayings, etc., there are records about the migration of Qin people by land and sea, as well as the legend of Xu Fu. [ 14]

Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography contains: Xu Fu (Xu Shi) was ordered by Qin Shihuang to lead thousands of boys and girls to the sea to seek immortality (Shi et al. wrote that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, named Penglai, abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live. Please fast and ask to be with virgins. So he sent Xu Shifa thousands of men and women to the sea to seek immortality. The sea, chui fook returned empty-handed, afraid of the king of qin to find fault with him. He faltered, saying that the king of Qin could not prolong his life because of the gift book, and he wanted to "make a famous person, as long as he shook his daughter and worked hard, he could get it." "So," Qin Shihuang was very happy.

Send three thousand men and women, food, all kinds of work, Xu Fu plain wide, the king didn't come. "(see Historical Records Biography of Hengshan Mountain in Huainan).

Dong Fangshuo, who was contemporary with Sima Qian, also recorded the story of Xu Fu's going out to sea to seek immortality in Ten Countries in the Sea. At that time, it was less than a hundred years since Xu Fudong crossed, which can be regarded as a fact. According to Xu Fudong's book theory, the books that Xu Fudong brought to Japan included Confucian classics 1.850 volumes, and other ancient books 1.800 volumes, which covered almost all the ancient books in China at that time (see The Mystery of Ancient Japan, The Mystery of Ancient Japanese Documents and Suzuki Yizhen Discovering the Super-ancient Dynasty). [ 14]

Whether Xu Fu's Journey to the East or Xu Fu's Essays is true or not, there was Qin in the 3rd century BC.

It is an indisputable fact that Japanese immigrant groups have crossed the ocean and moved eastward to the Japanese archipelago. Therefore, we can boldly speculate that the Qin immigrants will certainly bring the Han nationality, the carrier of Chinese culture, to Japan while spreading rice farming technology and metal culture. Therefore, ethnic migration is essentially a cultural flow, a process in which one culture influences another. It was during the Qin and Han dynasties that the Chinese nation frequently migrated abroad, and the splendid Chinese nation gradually broadcasted to neighboring countries, thus forming the Chinese cultural circle in East Asia, which lasted for more than 1000 years and spanned North Korea, Japan and Vietnam in space. Chinese characters have become knowledge symbols that transcend all languages and directly become the most basic form of spreading culture.

In a word, it was Qin and Han immigrants who transplanted advanced production technology to Japan, which promoted the exchange of rope culture and yayoi culture. At the same time, the laws and regulations of books handed down have exerted a subtle influence on the formation and development of Japanese culture, which is also the main reason for the revolutionary leap in Japanese history around the third century BC.

5 General understanding of the origin of the Japanese nation

From the recent archaeological research on the origin of the Japanese nation, we can get the following general understanding:

1. The Japanese nation and the Chinese nation are closely related to the origin of mankind. Before the third ice age of Pleistocene (230000±30000 BP), there were no aborigines in Japan, and the primitive ancestors of Japan migrated from Chinese mainland. Due to the harsh living conditions of the early immigrants who arrived in Japan, there were more immigrants than settlers, so there were few sites and cultural layers preserved at that time, which led to the lack of archaeological contact during this period.

Second, from the anthropological evidence, Japanese fossil people and Chinese fossil people have the same characteristics. Paleolithic Chinese mainland ancient people moved to Japan mainly in the north and south, the north went to Japan through Korea, and the south went to Japan from wuyue by sea.

3. After the last ice age (about10.5 million years ago), it was formed due to global warming and sea level rise.

Today's Japanese archipelago. In Holocene prehistoric times, Japan was mainly in a relatively independent development period. However, about 10,000 years ago, the Zaqinol culture in northeast China had spread to Tomoka. China's rice cultivation techniques also spread to Japan around 4500 BC.

4. In the history of Japanese civilization, rope culture was directly transformed into Yayoi culture (Iron Age), and the main reason for the lack of bronze age culture in the middle was that China immigrated to Japan after the third century BC with a large number of ancestors from wuyue, Qin and Han dynasties and after 473 BC, bringing advanced production technology and books and regulations.

refer to

1. edited by Wu tingqi ú @ ④, 1994, Japanese history, Nankai University Press.

2. Sima Qian, in 90 BC, "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang"

3. B.M. Fagan, 199 1, People on Earth-An Introduction to World Prehistory, Cultural Relics Publishing House.

4.@ ① Kouqingzhi, 1978, Japanese ancestor of the daily newspaper.

5. Nosuke Muze, 1974, Ancient History Excavation, Chatterhouse.

6. Pei Wenzhong, 1978, ancient traffic in China viewed from ancient culture and paleontology, scientific bulletin, 12.

7. Yang Huairen, 1987, Quaternary Geology, Higher Education Press.

8. Jia Lanpo, 1964, Chinese ape-man and his culture, Zhonghua Book Company.

9. Hector Joe Wells, 1987, Outline of World History, People's Publishing House.

10. Shao Yan @ ③, 1982, China's literary form in ancient Japanese short songs and poems, Journal of Peking University, P.

The fifth stage

1 1. solemnly, 1994, looking for the pyramids of China, Shanghai Bookstore Press.

12. Zhimin An, 1984, the influence of prehistoric culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on Haidong, archaeology, the fifth issue.

13. Zhimin An, 1990, Jiangnan Culture and Ancient Japan, Archaeology, Phase IV.

14. Wang Yong, 1995, Textual Research on the History of Sino-Japanese Relations, Central Compilation and Publishing House.

Notes about words not stored in fonts:

@ ① The original word Mujiatong

@ (2) the original word fire.

Add jade to the original soup.

There is something wrong with Wang Jia.