Mid-term review materials of the second volume of geography in the first day of junior high school

Unit 6 The continent where we live-Asia

Section 1 Natural environment

I geographical location, topography and rivers in Asia

1. Location:

Hemispheric position of Asia: most of Asia is located in.

And the northern hemisphere, but it also crosses the east.

And the latitude position of Asia in the northern and southern hemispheres: Asia is roughly between 10 S-80 N, spanning tropical, temperate and tropical regions.

, is the world's largest cross-latitude continent.

③

Location: East and north of Asia face the Pacific Ocean.

It borders the Indian Ocean to the south and Europe to the west.

be

、

、

, Black Sea,

, the Mediterranean. Southwest diaphragm

Adjacent to Africa, separated by the East.

Facing North America, facing the southeast across the sea.

Across Asia is the longest continent from east to west.

2. Area: Asia is the largest continent in the world.

According to the size of the area, it is: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe.

3. Geographical division: It is customary to divide Asia into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and

. The following table shows the regions and countries:

Regional countries

China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan in East Asia.

Southeast Asia, Myanmar, Thailand,

、

, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore,

, Indonesia,

wait for

South Asia Pakistan, India,

、

、

、

、

、

wait for

West Asia Turkey, Israel,

、

, Iraq, Iran,

、

wait for

Part of Russia

4. Terrain:

(1) Topographic features: Plateau and mountains are the main areas, with high average elevation; The ground fluctuates greatly, including the highest mountain in the world-

(8844 meters), and the lowest lowlands in the world-

(400 meters), it is the continent with the largest ground fluctuation in the world; The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

② Asians

The highest mountain range:

; The highest mountain:

; The highest plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; largest

; The deepest and largest storage capacity

; Lowest point on the surface:

; The largest peninsula:

; The largest archipelago:

; largest

; The most populous country: China; The longest canal:

)

5. Rivers: Asian rivers are influenced by topography, mostly originating from the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially into the sea along the topography. The main rivers flow in the following table:

Characteristics of river flow into the ocean

The length and flow of the Yangtze River from west to east ranks first in Asia and third in the Pacific world.

The Yellow River is 5500 kilometers long from east to west, and it is the second longest river in China, the Pacific Ocean.

From northwest to southeast, it is called in China.

Pacific Ocean, the largest river in Asian countries.

、

、

Located in the north of Asia from south to north, with high latitude and many rivers in winter.

Longer

Located in southern Asia, it flows through India from west to east.

the Indian Ocean

It is located in southern Asia from north to south and flows through the Indian Ocean in Pakistan.

Second, the complex climate.

1. Climate characteristics:

① The climate is complex and diverse: Asia leapfrogging.

Temperate and tropical, bordering the ocean in the east, north and south, and deep in the southwest.

Internal; The terrain is complex and diverse. By latitude position,

Due to the influence of distribution and topography, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse. Except for ...

Besides, all kinds of climate in the world are distributed in Asia.

②

What is striking is that Asia is backed by the largest land in the world.

Being close to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world, the temperature difference between the ocean and the land is very significant, forming the most typical ocean in the world.

Area.

、

, temperate hand wind climate distribution, among which

、

Only Asia has distribution.

③

Distribution (

Almost half of Asia): Asia is the largest continent in the world, with a vast area. Inland Asia is far from the ocean and is less affected by the ocean. The inland temperature rises rapidly in summer and cools rapidly in winter, so Leng Xia is hot in winter. Because the inland is far away from the sea, it is difficult for ocean water vapor to reach, so the precipitation is less and concentrated in summer.

2. Impact of climate on agriculture: In Asia,

The impact on agriculture is particularly prominent. Monsoons in East and South Asia

, precipitation and

There is a close relationship between strength and weakness. Generally speaking,

In strong years, there are more water vapor and precipitation from the ocean; On the contrary,

In weak years, there is less precipitation. If there is too much precipitation, it may lead to

; On the contrary, too little precipitate may be formed.

. Therefore, East Asia and South Asia (

)

, so that crops can flourish, but often affected by unstable summer monsoon and drought and flood disasters, seriously threatening agricultural production.

First, the most populous continent.

In 2000, the total population of the world was 6.055 billion, and the population of Asia was about 3.68 billion, accounting for 665.438+0% of the total population, making it the most populous continent.

/kloc-Countries with over 0/100 million: China, India, USA, India.

, Brazil, Pakistan,

, Russia, Japan,

.

There are six in Asia: China, India and India.

Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan.

Except for ...

Outside, the population of all continents in the world is from large to small.

Asia, Africa, Europe,

, North America, Oceania,

4. Except ...

External, average

The order from high to low is

Africa,

, Asia, Oceania, North America, Europe,

The net population of the world is 6.055 billion×1.3% = 7871000; The net population of Asia is 3.68 billion×1.4% = 51520.

Asia has a large population, which puts great pressure on resources and environment.

Second, diversification.

1. There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about.

Half of the total. Among them, the Han nationality is

The largest ethnic group.

2. Three cradles of human civilization in Asia: the Yellow River,

Watershed area;

(

)。 Reason: Suitable for temperate (or tropical) climate; Abundant water sources; Fertile land.

3. Ethnic groups in different regions show different cultures in architecture, costumes, music and dance, etiquette and so on.

out of the ordinary

.

4, the relationship between the culture of different regions and local natural conditions:

Anti-seismic buildings designed in Japan to prevent earthquakes-multiple earthquakes;

Housing and

Hillside areas; Living in India

about

resident

Up to 200 meters-the climate is hot and humid, and people live in compact communities; live in

Make a living by fishing

-The climate is humid and there are many rivers and lakes; live in

Yakutia people live in

Wear

Clothes, transportation is dog sledding-the climate is cold;

about

Living in tents, wearing wide robes and living a nomadic life-tropical arid grassland, people live a nomadic life.

5. Economic development: Asia is a developing country except Japan. The economic development of different countries varies greatly. The main reason is that all countries except Japan have been under colonial rule for a long time, and their industrial base is generally weak. Since 1970s, the economies of Singapore, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand have developed rapidly.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan

First, the characteristics of Japan's natural environment

1. Territorial composition: by

, country,

And more than 3,900 small islands and the waters around them.

2. Coastal distribution of major cities, such as Tokyo,

、

Osaka,

、

、

Wait a minute.

3. Topographic features: mainly hills and mountains. The plain area is small and distributed in

It is the largest plain in Japan.

Many excellent ports: the coastal sea is tortuous, many excellent ports, especially

and

On the bright side, it's for Japan.

、

、

Foreign economic ties are very beneficial.

and

Are the two most important.

Port.

5, more

: Japan is located

and

At the joint,

More active, belonging to

So there are many volcanoes and earthquakes in Japan. Every year

Up to 1500 times. Known as "the country of earthquakes" and "the world volcano museum". The highest mountain in Japan-

It's a building.

. also

High mountains are regarded as "sacred mountains" by the Japanese people.

6. Japan's north and south land is long and narrow, intersecting with longitude. Most of Japan is in 23? N——46？ Between n, through

Guangzhou will make Japan's geographical environment more complex and diverse. For example, the latitude is wide, and the temperature difference between north and south of Japan is large.

Guang and Dong

The difference is big.

Second, the Japanese economy.

1, unfavorable and favorable conditions for Japan's economic development. Japan is a small country with iron ore, oil and coal.

Poor, mostly imported. The domestic market is small, and most products are exported. But Japan also has the advantages of developing economy: a,

Multi-port, convenient shipping; B, the quality of labor force is high; C,

Tall man.

2. "Import-processing-export" type

. With the rapid economic development, Japan imports a large number of raw materials and fuels, and then relies on high technology and sufficient.

Processing imported raw materials, manufacturing high-quality industrial products, and then selling them all over the world, forming a

Major economy.

The targets are mainly the United States, China and Europe.

In recent years, Japan has accelerated the expansion of overseas investment and established overseas production and sales bases. Japan's main investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Benefits: ① Utilization of cheap resources in developing countries.

Reduce the production cost; (two) to participate in international economic and technological cooperation and international market competition; (3) protect the country.

, slow down resource consumption and protect domestic resources; ④ Decrease

Investment. Impact on other countries: ① Japan's relocation of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; (2) Japan has a strong awareness of protecting its own resources from its own interests, but importing a large amount of wood or overfishing in the ocean will lead to serious damage to the resources of other countries and regions in the world, which will lead to global ecological environment imbalance.

4, industrial distribution characteristics and reasons:

focus on

and

A narrow strip along the coast.

5、

Advantages and disadvantages of:

Serious dependence on foreign countries is conducive to the rapid improvement of Japan's scientific and technological level and the improvement of labor quality, thus making Japan's industrial products more competitive in the international market; The adverse effect is that

Japan's economy will be hit hard.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

1. Location of the intersection: Southeast Asia includes

and

Two parts.

The south is also called.

. Southeast Asia is located in Asia and

The "crossroads" between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. special

and

amongst

Is to communicate the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Tao is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is a sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Japan calls it "the sea"

"。

2. Southeast Asian countries: there are 1 1 countries in Southeast Asia. Among them, the land bordering China is: Myanmar,

, Vietnam; unique

be

; Indonesia is the largest country in the world.

Home, known as "

"。

3, the relationship between rivers and cities:

Big cities are mainly distributed along the banks of the river.

.

4、

And agricultural production.

Section 3 India

1, the second most populous country in the world: India is the world.

The population ranks second in the world. A large population puts great pressure on resources, environment and economic development. Therefore, the selection plan of the Indian government

.

2. Location: ① Most of them are located in 10? N——30？ N, mainly located in the tropics. ②

Location:

South, North Indian Ocean and East.

, Xi Bin

.

3. Terrain: divided into three parts, the north is

, in the middle is

South is

.

4. Major rivers:

originate from

, injected from northwest to southeast

.

5. Self-sufficient food production: India has upgraded itself.

Since then, food is not only self-sufficient, but also has a certain surplus for export. The main products are rice and wheat, and rice is mainly distributed in

And coastal plain areas, wheat is mainly distributed in

Upstream sum

Northwest direction.

6. Climate: Based on

The main reason is that the temperature is high all year round, and the year is divided into obvious dry season and rainy season. From June to September every year, it is very popular.

There is a lot of precipitation, which is the rainy season. From 10 to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails, which is a dry season with little rain. Indian water

Frequent damage is mainly caused by the following reasons

Caused by the instability of (a plate).

If the wind is weak, it will be formed long ago that you come late and leave.

; On the other hand, it formed.

)。

Section 4 Russia

I. Geographical location, topography, climate and rivers of Russia

1, geographical location: Russia has a high latitude, most of which are located in.

. Across Asia and Europe, but also across the East.

. Xilin

, north

It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Black Sea in the southwest and northeast.

Facing north America. The main neighboring country is Finland in the west.

, Ukraine, South

China, Mongolia, Korea. It has a vast territory and is the largest country in the world.

2. European countries across the Eurasian continent: Although the area of Europe is only 1/4, its population accounts for 3/4. Industry, agriculture, capital and major cities are all located in Europe and have always been the political, economic and cultural centers of the country in history. So it has always been recognized as a European country.

3. Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plains and plateaus. Rivers and mountains have become

the importance of

.

4. Rivers and lakes: There are four major rivers in Russia.

"

be located

, injected from north to south.

The longest river in Europe is also famous.

. The flow is abundant and the water flow is gentle.

The value is very high.

、

、

Flows into the Arctic Ocean from south to north. The main lakes are:

The largest lake and the largest inland (saltwater lake) in the world,

The deepest lake in the world.

5. Climate: Based on

Mainly because of the high latitude, long and cold winters and short and warm summers.

Second, Russia's resources, industry and

1. Resources: Russia

Rich in species and reserves, it is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient in resources. The main mining areas are:

Iron ore,

、

、

Coal mine.

2. Industry:

Developed,

The manufacturing industry is developing slowly, and the industries are mainly distributed in Europe. Four industrial zones: ① the industrial zone centered on Moscow; ② taking

An industrial zone centered on it; ③

; ④

Industrial zone.

3. Transportation: Russia

Complete doors, railways, highways, aviation, inland rivers,

Very developed

Mainly. European part

Dense, radiating from Moscow. Asian part

Relatively sparse, mainly include

(

)。

4. Major cities: Moscow (the capital, the largest city),

(the second largest city),

(all year round

), Vladimir live

(

)、

(

River port).

Chapter VIII

Other countries and regions.

Section 1 Middle East

1. Important geographical location: land of two oceans, three continents and five seas. The Middle East is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe and is surrounded by the Caspian Sea (the largest sea in the world).

), Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea,

、

The link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean,

Communicate with the Mediterranean and

It connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, so the strategic position is very important.

2. Rich

The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, oil production and export volume in the world. This is also the reason why some big countries compete.

(1) The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed in

And its coastal areas, major oil-producing countries.

、

, Iraq,

Iran, Egypt and other countries;

Most of the oil in the Middle East includes

Coastal port use

Shipped to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries, has an important impact on the development of the world economy.

③ Oil export route: A: To Japan.

→

→ Indian Ocean →

→ Pacific Ocean → Japan

B: to western Europe and America

Persian Gulf →

→

→ Mandham Canyon →

→

→ Mediterranean →

→ Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe, USA

C: to western Europe and America.

Persian Gulf →

→ Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → Bypass the southern tip of Africa

→ Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe, USA

3. Overflow of water resources: it is war.

, is a restrictive factor in the development of agriculture in this area. The Middle East is located

It is hot and dry all year round through its west coast and mainland inland.

Mainly distributed in the Mediterranean coast.

. The scarcity of water resources has a great impact on the production and even people's lives in Middle East countries.

4、

An important cause of instability in the Middle East.

The races in the Middle East are mainly

But most ethnic groups gather here, and all ethnic groups have their own.

and

Most Middle Eastern residents believe

A few residents believe in Christianity,

And other religions.

The residents of most countries and regions in the Middle East are mainly

trust

. These countries are called "

"。

The main beliefs are concentrated in Israel.

Mainly distributed in Iran, the owner thinks.

. Saudi Arabian

It's Islam.

. Islam, Christianity and

Duba

regard as

the second part

One,

Terrain, climate and agriculture

1. Topography: The terrain is low and flat, mainly plain. The plain is distributed in the middle, with

With. For the boundary, west.

, to the east

. These mountains are mainly distributed in the southern and northern peninsulas. There are in the north

There are in the south.

The east-west trend is conducive to the warm and humid airflow of the Atlantic Ocean moving inland.

2. Climate: Based on

Mainly warm in winter and cool in summer,

More, the seasonal distribution is more uniform.

3, the relationship between the three:

be located

Geographical location of the west coast of the mainland →

; The terrain is mainly plain → juicy.

Grassland is widely distributed →

developed

Second,

Countries, industries and

1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe accounts for about half of Europe, with a dense population and many countries, most of which are developed countries. In order to further strengthen contact

, namely

(referred to as the European Union). It has 25 member countries, all of which are economically developed countries. The EU is a part of the world economy.

Play an important role on the stage.

2, the industry is developed, to

Mainly. There is a high proportion of people engaged in manufacturing in western Europe.

The dense cloth covers are distributed in a "cross". From England eastward to Poland, because

In Italy, it has formed a world-famous industrial labor-intensive zone.

3. prosperous

Nature and Harmony in Western Europe

Extremely rich

Mediterranean seaside attractions and beaches, Nordic twists and turns, deep

, fascinating; Stand in the middle

This is a good place for mountain climbing and skiing. unique

Old castles, stately churches and numerous museums make Western Europe a place.

Industrially developed areas. France, Spain and Italy have become the three most famous countries in Europe.

Country.

the third part

Sub-Saharan Africa

1. This area is located in the low latitude between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The terrain is mainly plateau, and the altitude is mostly above 1000 meters. The terrain is high in the east and south, and low in the middle and west.

2. The climate in this area is right.

Mainly, so it is a lot.

Hometown, such as coffee and cocoa; In addition, there are many in this area.

Have an important position in the world, such as

Copper.

3. Single commodity economy: ① Concept: an economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products; ② Disadvantages:

Low price,

The high price restricts the development of national handling economy; ③ Cause: Long-term exposure

Rules and controls; ④ Way out: Develop diversified agriculture and revitalize agriculture.

.

This area is the largest in the world.

The highest area. The population growth is too fast, exceeding the growth rate of food and economy, which has become increasingly serious.

There is also the problem of food. because

Long-term rule and control, the technology in this area is backward,

The production level is so low that food can never be self-sufficient. The population is growing too fast and needs more food and meat, so people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand.

, or overgrazing, leading to

Decline and grassland degradation have intensified.

, make the ecological environment deteriorate gradually. Solution: control population; rise

Production level; Protect the natural environment.

Section 4 Australia

1, terrain: from

It can be seen that the topography of eastern, central and western Australia is different. In the east, it extends from north to south.

. The largest river in the country.

, from

From the west, it flows southwest into the Indian Ocean. There are world-famous coastal areas in the northeast.

. The vast low plateau in the west accounts for about half of the national area. The middle is a large plain, and the lowest place is

. There are few rivers on the plain, but groundwater is abundant. When drilling a well in the low-lying area in the middle of the plain, groundwater can automatically flow out of the ground and become

Therefore, people also call it "

"。

2. Terrain and

The vast low plateau with an altitude of less than 1000 meters in the west and the great plain in the middle are rich in groundwater.

Excellent, not big.

, suitable for open-air fence grazing.

3. Climate and agriculture and animal husbandry: Australia has a vast territory in central, western and northern parts.

This is the grassland.

It is dry and suitable.

Overwintering and breeding. The southeast is hot and rainy in summer and mild and humid in winter; western

It is mild and humid in winter and dry at high temperature in summer, which is not only suitable for climate characteristics.

It is also suitable for farming, so these areas have developed.

.

4. Country on the back of sheep: Australia has the most sheep and exported wool in the world.

5. Australia

Natural reasons for the great regional differences: more than 70% of the sheep in Australia are concentrated in the mixed management areas along the southeast coast, and there are relatively few sheep in other vast areas. Because the southeast and west

The terrain is relatively flat, west

The climate is suitable, the precipitation is similar, and other areas are rich. Although located in the southeast,

Rain shadow area, but water diversion irrigation can meet its wheat planting and

The use of, so the development of this area.

More favorable.

6、

Australia is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, surrounded by the sea, with an area of 7.68 million.

, is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent. Tens of millions of years ago,

Separate from other continents, live alone and develop independently. For a long time, the natural conditions are relatively simple, the evolution of animals is slow, and there are no large-scale animals.

The invasion of many exotic primitive animals.

, has been multiplied to this day. Endemic animals are:

、

、

、

Wait a minute.

7. Sit down

Countries around the world: Australia is rich in mineral resources, many of which

Ranked in the forefront of the world: such as iron ore in the west; Coal mines in the east coast and northeast

. The exploitation and export of Australian mineral products also occupy an important position in the world.

This country

Section 1 America

1. The United States is an immigrant country.

It's American

2. at

New york and Los Angeles have "

"。

3.

(

, from big to small):

、

、

、

、

. highest

America is a big agricultural country in the world. All processes and links of American agricultural production have been mechanized and specialized.

In America, it is called the world.

Location of the base.

Southeast "

"。

6.

All the lakes in America are

The other four lakes belong to the United States and Canada respectively.

Brazil in the second quarter

1. Brazil is

The largest and most populous country. The capital is

. The largest city

2. Latin America is a country with a large number of

Society. (National University)

about

)

Agriculture is an important part of Brazil's national economy.

Doors.

4. The role of tropical rain forest in Amazon basin: regulating climate, providing fresh air for the whole world, conserving water, protecting fresh water resources, protecting soil and preventing

Provide a good ecological environment and maintain biodiversity.

5. At present, the largest in the world

be

. By Brazil and

Cooperative construction

6. The largest iron mine in Brazil is Iraq.

Ta iron mine.

Chapter 10

1. There are penguins in the Antarctic and penguins in the Arctic.

2. The Antarctic region is the coldest region in the world, and it is known as the "ice and snow plateau".

Surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

Seen from the South Pole, the earth is clockwise.

③ Climatic characteristics: extremely cold and dry,

④ Antarctic warm season: 165438+ 10 to March of the following year.

⑤

about

、

Shangde Zhongshan station

619591February, 12 countries signed "

China formally joined 1983.

3. Arctic research stations: