The story of Qian Xuesen

Qian Xuesen 19 1 1 was born in Shanghai, and 1934 graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University. In order to serve the motherland better, he was admitted to MIT for further study on 1935, and transferred to California Institute of Technology for further study on 1936, where he studied aviation engineering theory under the famous aviation scientist von Carmen. Qian Xuesen studied hard, got his doctorate three years later, and stayed in school to teach. Under the guidance of von Carmen, Qian Xuesen became interested in rocket technology and made great progress in the research fields of high-speed aerodynamics and jet propulsion. Soon, under the recommendation of Von Carmen, Qian Xuesen became the youngest tenured professor of California Institute of Technology.

From 1935 to 1950, Qian Xuesen made great academic achievements and paid well all his life, but he always missed his motherland.

1950 When the Korean War broke out, Qian Xuesen's desire to return to China to serve the motherland failed, and Qian Xuesen was persecuted because he came from China. Until June 1955, Qian Xuesen wrote to Comrade Chen Shutong, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), asking the party and government to help him return to the embrace of the motherland at an early date. Premier Zhou attached great importance to this matter and instructed relevant personnel to deal with it at an appropriate time. After hard work, in June 195565438+ 10/8, Qian Xuesen's family finally returned to the motherland after 20 years' absence. Soon, he was appointed as the director of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In order to improve China's national defense capability and safeguard national security, China's first missile research institution, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, was established on 19561October 8, with Qian Xuesen as the first president. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, through hard work, China's first domestic missile was finally manufactured successfully in 1960+00.

Famous scientist Qian Xuesen. One of the founders of modern mechanics in China. He has made many pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He has made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's rocket, missile and space undertakings, and is an advocate of China's system engineering theory and application research.

Qian Xuesen's story before returning to China

When the first five-star red flag was slowly raised in Tiananmen Square in 1949, Qian Xuesen, then director of the supersonic laboratory of California Institute of Technology and head of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center, was deeply happy for the rebirth of the motherland. He intends to return to China and use his professional knowledge to serve the new China. However, it was not easy for China scientists in the United States to return to China at that time, and Qian Xuesen's expertise was directly related to national defense, so he finally returned to the embrace of the motherland after going through hardships. His tortuous struggle process showed Qian Xuesen's love for the motherland at that time, which was very touching.

1in mid-September, 950, Qian Xuesen resigned as the director of the supersonic laboratory of California Institute of Technology and the head of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center, and went through the formalities of returning to China. He bought a plane ticket from Canada to Hong Kong and gave his luggage to the handling company for consignment.

However, just two days before he planned to leave Los Angeles, he suddenly received a notice from the US Immigration and Naturalization Service that he was not allowed to return to China! The immigration bureau threatened to leave the country without authorization, and if you were caught, you would be fined or even jailed!

A few days later, Qian Xuesen was arrested in the detention center of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service. The "crime" is "participating in a political party that advocates overthrowing the US government by force".

The luggage handed over by Qian Xuesen to the handling company was inspected by the US Customs and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It is said that telegraph codes, weapons drawings and the like are all "found" from it. The Immigration and Naturalization Bureau wants to "interrogate" Qian Xuesen, saying that Qian Xuesen is "party member made in the United States". Later, it was said that among several American classmates that Qian Xuesen knew when he was studying in the United States, several of them worked in party member. The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization threatened Qian Xuesen to "violate American immigration laws" and "expel Qian Xuesen". It didn't take long for him to change his mind. Because Qian Xuesen is going to be "deported", which is exactly what Qian Xuesen wants! In the detention center, Qian Xuesen was imprisoned like a criminal. Qian Xuesen once recalled: "15 days of confinement, I lost 30 pounds." In the detention center, every night, spies will come in every hour to wake you up, so that you can't rest and are in an extremely nervous state. "

The persecution of Qian Xuesen by the Immigration and Naturalization Service aroused public indignation in the American scientific community. Many American friendly people came forward to rescue Qian Xuesen and find a defense lawyer for him. They raised $ 15000 as a deposit to bail Qian Xuesen out of the detention center.

1June, 955, Qian Xuesen wrote to Comrade Chen Shutong, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), asking the party and government to help him return to the embrace of the motherland at an early date. Premier Zhou attached great importance to this matter and instructed relevant personnel to deal with it at an appropriate time. After hard work, in June 195565438+ 10/8, Qian Xuesen's family finally returned to the motherland after 20 years' absence. Soon, he was appointed as the director of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Brief introduction to life

Qian Xuesen (19 1 ~), a Chinese scientist and rocket expert, was born in Shanghai on June 1 91day+February1day, and came to Beijing with his father at the age of 3./kloc-0. Later, he stayed in the United States and served as lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center. 1950 began to work hard to return to the motherland, persecuted by the American government, and lost his freedom. 1955 took five years to return to the motherland, and since 1958, he has been the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time. 1959, joined the China * * * production party. He is currently the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

Second, scientific achievements.

Qian Xuesen served as the technical director of China's rocket and space program for a long time, and made great pioneering contributions in space technology, system science and system engineering.

Qian Xuesen published 7 monographs and more than 300 papers. The main contributions are as follows:

1. Applied Mechanics

Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics.

The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and the Carmen-Qian Xuesen method is established. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time.

2. Jet propulsion and space technology

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.

3. Engineering cybernetics

In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work.

4. Physical mechanics

Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter from microscopic laws, which changed the previous method of measuring mechanical properties only by experiments, greatly saved manpower and material resources, and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. Now the leader of this subject is Professor Gou Qingquan. 1984, Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering and technical field of atomic and molecular design.

5. System engineering

Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. He also insisted on applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and discussed the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. The social form of any society has three aspects: economic social form, political social form and ideological social form. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering.

6. System science

Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems.

7. Thinking science

Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, and proposed to create a scientific and technological department-noetic science, which scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly expressed at that time. Outstanding contributions are as follows:

(1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed to establish the Department of Thinking Science and Technology. He believes that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking.

(2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance. The theoretical basis of artificial intelligence is the basic scientific thinking in thinking science. The way to study thinking is to look for it from the achievements of philosophy, and thinking actually evolved from philosophy. He also believes that the establishment of image thinking is a breakthrough in the current scientific research of thinking, and it is also the core issue of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers.

(3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking.

8. Human science

Qian Xuesen is an advocate of human body science in China.

Qian Xuesen put forward the theory of "functional state of human body" to describe the open and complex giant system of human body and study the structure, function and behavior of the system. He believes that Qigong and specific function are a functional state, which puts the research of Qigong, specific function and TCM system theory in an advanced scientific framework and occupies an important position in the research of Qigong and specific function. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, researchers from Beijing Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering began to study the functional state of human body at 1984. They use the method of multidimensional data analysis to integrate many physiological index variables measured by human body into change points that can represent the whole system of human body and its position in a multidimensional phase space composed of various variables, and move them to a relatively stable position, that is, the position of target and target ring. They found the respective targets and rings of human awakening, sleep, alertness and qigong functions. In this way, the theory of system science is embodied in the human body system, and the research of human body science has objective indicators and scientific theories.

9. Science and technology system and Marxist philosophy

Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world and modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory.

Respondents: cxy _ 123- scholar level 310-119: 26.

1955 In the early winter, Qian Xuesen, who had just broken through the obstruction of the American authorities and returned to the motherland, visited Harbin Institute of Military Engineering. Dean General Chen Geng asked him: "Can China people engage in missiles?" Qian Xuesen said, "If foreigners can do it, why can't China people do it? Are China people shorter than foreigners? ! "

This sentence decided Qian Xuesen's career in rocket, missile and space. More than 40 years have passed, and now Qian Xuesen is 90 years old. With his fundamental contribution to China's rocket and missile technology, aerospace technology and even the whole national defense high-tech cause, he has written a brilliant chapter for the modernization of our military weapons and equipment.

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1956 February 17, after careful consideration, Qian Xuesen put forward "Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry", and made incisive comments on the organizational planning, development plan and specific measures of China's rocket and missile undertakings. This opinion has been highly valued by the CPC Central Committee. Soon, Qian Xuesen was appointed to be responsible for establishing the first rocket and missile research institution in China-the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 65438+10.8-This is the first anniversary of Qian Xuesen's return to China. The Fifth National Defence College was proclaimed, with Qian Xuesen as its president. The new China's rocket, missile and space undertakings began a difficult course. A new career has begun, and there are many things. Qian Xuesen first gave a missile introduction to the newly assigned 156 college students, so that these technicians who have never seen missiles can understand the most basic professional knowledge. He drew up the study plan of aerodynamics, engine and other related majors, and guided the establishment of the research room of missile general, aerodynamics, engine and missile body structure.

Jiuquan launch site. Like ordinary scientists and technicians, Qian Xuesen sleeps in tents, eats coarse grains and organizes missile tests, calculations, analysis and research. Under the difficult conditions of the sudden withdrawal of all experts from the former Soviet Union, he led China scientists to overcome various difficulties and successfully conducted the flight test of China's first missile on June 5, 1960+065438. Nie said happily at the scene: "This is an important turning point in the history of China's military equipment." 1966, 10/0 On October 27th, Qian Xuesen participated in the flight explosion test of China's first medium and short-range surface-to-surface missile with a nuclear warhead, that is, the "two-bomb combination" test of an atomic bomb and a missile. The successful explosion of a nuclear warhead over a predetermined location shocked the world. China's national defense modernization has once again achieved a historic leap.

As a great scientist, Qian Xuesen is always forward-looking. Shortly after the successful launch of the first missile, Qian Xuesen organized relevant experts to discuss the development path of China's surface-to-surface missiles, formed the Opinions on the Development Path of China's Surface-to-Surface Missiles, and put forward the long-term development plan of China's short-range, medium-range, medium-range and intercontinental missiles. Subsequently, ground-to-air missiles, coastal defense missiles, solid engines, solid missiles, anti-missile systems and launch vehicles were also launched under his organization and coordination. 1965, 1 In June, he submitted a report to the Central Committee, suggesting that the research plan of China's satellites should be made as soon as possible and included in the national task. The engineering code of China's first artificial satellite was thus designated as "65 1 project", and Qian Xuesen was responsible for the overall technical coordination and implementation of the "satellite-arrow-ground system". 1On April 24th, 970, China's first artificial satellite "Dongfanghong-1" roamed the space, announcing to the world that the new China had ushered in the dawn of the space age.