What was the function of Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Dynasty?

Shang Yang issued two reform orders in 359 BC and 350 BC, and before the implementation, he used Mu Lixin to establish his prestige, and then vigorously promoted the reform. Focus on politics for the first time and focus on economy for the second time.

First, the content of the first political reform:

1. Organize private households: reorganize household registration, with five households as partners and ten households as partners, so as to collect taxes. Every family in the fifteen miles picketed each other. If one family breaks the law, the other family must report it. If they don't report, they will be severely punished (sitting together) and the whistleblower will be awarded the rank. And reorganize the household registration, so that civilians under the control of the Lord will become the people of the monarch from now on.

2. Strengthen the labor force and limit patriarchy: All men must separate their families and stand on their own feet when they reach a certain age, otherwise they will have to pay double taxes. The purpose of setting up a separate door is to strengthen self-discipline in production to avoid interdependence and uneven work and rest. After separation, it is a great favor to take care of each other's lives, such as the son borrowing his father's farm tools and the daughter-in-law being able to blame her mother-in-law at any time. Its purpose is to limit the patriarchy in the family system and make the monarch's position in the people's minds more detached.

3. Reward military service: those who have made military service will be rewarded according to their work; Private fighters were punished according to their crimes. And formulate military titles, which are divided into 20 grades, one to eight grades are literary titles, and nine grades or above are official titles, among which ten to eighteen grades are ordinary officers, nineteenth and twentieth grades are princes, and there is no food city before the twentieth grade. The people won the title of meritorious service (beheading the enemy at the first level in the war; A title), after being knighted, you can enjoy various preferential treatments to encourage Qin people to be brave (the twentieth title: male scholar, Shang Zao, Yao Ma Dao, Bu Geng, doctor, official doctor, public doctor, Gongcheng, Wudufu, Zuo Shu Chang, You Shu Chang, Zuo Geng, Zhong Geng, You Geng, Shao Shang Zao, Liang Zao, \ \

4. Worship this and restrain the end (emphasizing agriculture and restraining business): reward agriculture and weaving, and produce more millet and silk. Those who exceed the output of ordinary people are exempt from corvee. Businessmen and vagrants, together with their wives and daughters, are not government slaves. Shang Yang's policy of restraining the end was intended to prevent merchants from annexing land, so that Qin people could concentrate on farming and textile and seek wealth in the war. At the same time, letting the monarch monopolize industry and commerce can also enhance national strength. In addition, literary tourists, belonging to the last industry, are not allowed to enter Qin. Qin is rich and powerful, but its culture is not as good as that of the East, which is also a reason. Legalists generally represent the interests of businessmen, and Shang Yang's repression is a special measure of Qin State.

5. Change the Lord to the landlord: all the royal families (lords) who refuse to perform military service will abolish the title and rank first according to the new military service regulations, and each will occupy the courtiers (slaves) in the farmland according to their grades. As a result, many lords without military merit lost their privileges and became rich people. As for the imperial clan with military achievements, the Supreme Jue is no more than the Marquis (19th, 20th, etc. ), and the marquis only accepts the rent of the food city, and does not directly manage the civil affairs, losing the original privilege. From then on, the Qin state of the Lord system became the Qin state of the landlord system. Shang Yang's policy has achieved centralization and made the country more unified, but this policy is bound to be resisted by vested interests (lords) headed by Prince Qin, with thousands of opponents, such as Shi Ji? "Biography of Shang Jun" says: "After ten years in Qin Dynasty, the imperial clan complained a lot. Shang Yang said: "The law won't work, because the nobles broke the law, so we should start with the prince. But because the prince was the heir to the throne, it was inconvenient to punish him, so he hanged his teachers, Gongzi Qian and Gongsun Jia (Lord). The new law was completely barrier-free the next day, but Shang Yang also planted a fatal disaster.

6. Severe punishment and strict law: Legalists' political opinions are based on severe punishment and strict law, and meritorious deeds will be rewarded and guilty will be punished. Shang Yang took credit as the principle, so that Qin people knew what they were defending and the domestic order was orderly.

Second, the second reform content:

In 350 BC, Qin Zi moved the capital to Xianyang forever, built a palace and issued a decree. At this time, Shang Yang implemented the second economic reform.

1. the county system is implemented: all small capitals and towns are merged, and large counties are settled, with 4/kloc-0 counties in the country. Each county has its own county order, and the county order and county commandant are in charge of county administration, which further eliminates the residual influence of local lords. This policy puts local power in the hands of the king of Qin, which accords with the trend of centralization.

2. Open up territory: Shang Yang recognizes everyone's ownership of newly-built land and sets taxes according to the land area occupied by everyone. The so-called "money" is the north-south road in the field, and "Mo" is the east-west road. During the Warring States period, infantry and cavalry were used in the war, and chariots were rarely used. Therefore, there is no need to leave roads for vehicles in the fields. The architecture of eastern countries has long been opened up as a field, and Shang Yang opened it up as a means to identify with the culture of the Central Plains, in addition to increasing the area of cultivated land.

3. Draw a foot to become a custom: Shang Yang draws a bucket, a bucket, power, scale, ruler, ruler. So that the national trade in goods has a unified system of weights and measures. In addition, because Qin is a distant country, there are many customs of Rong Di, and the countries in the Central Plains are largely "inferior to Qin". So Shang Yang got rid of the old customs of Emperor Rong, such as forbidding father and son to share the same room. These two policies have brought Qin, which is relatively backward in economy and culture, closer to the eastern countries.

4. Induce the people of Sanjin to farm in Qin with real national strength: Qin has a vast territory and a vast population, while the adjacent Sanjin has a small land, and Shang Yang understands that "people want houses in a big place." "("Shang Junshu? In order to attract people "), he rewarded people from neighboring countries to farm in Qin, and Shang Yang hired officials for these immigrants, exempted from military service, and engaged in a kind of specialized farming. In this way, these immigrants are responsible for the production of Qin, and Qin people can participate in military service and take turns to play, and there is still room for strength. This policy is of great significance, making Qin eat and drink enough and winning the war.

After Shang Yang's two political reforms, many disadvantages of Qin State, such as patriarchal clan system and feudal lords system, were eliminated, and Qin State became an advanced, prosperous and unified country, which laid the foundation for the elimination of the six Shandong countries in the future. However, after Xiao Gong's death, Prince Hui Wang acceded to the throne and divided the car to kill the family; But Shang Yang's new laws are basically the same, which proves that although Hui Wang hates Shang Yang, he still has to admit the success of his reform.

Third, the effectiveness of Shang Yang's political reform (the relationship between political reform and the prosperity of Qin State)

The aim of Shang Yang's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing. Therefore, encouraging production first makes the country rich and strong, on the other hand, it encourages militarism and strengthens combat effectiveness. The implementation of political reform depends on the rule of law, which also accelerates centralization. Culturally, they agree with the Central Plains culture in order to unify the Central Plains in the future.

After Qin's internal affairs were on the right track, Shang Yang plotted outward again. In the past, Qin was taken away from Hexi by Wei, forcing its forces to retreat to the north of Luoshui. Wei set up a county in Hexi (heavily defended), which was a greater threat to Qin. Shang Yang took advantage of Wei Qi's opportunity to send troops to Wei State to recover Hexi, and even came to Anyi, the capital of Wei State, and achieved unprecedented victory. It can be seen that Shang Yang's political reform enriched the manpower and material resources of Qin State, and indeed gave birth to favorable conditions in the war.

1. Historical Records? "Biography of Shang Jun" said: "After ten years of travel, the Qin people were overjoyed and the road was not repaired. There are no thieves in the mountains, and there are enough people at home. The people dare to fight in public, not in private, and the towns and cities govern. 」

2. "Warring States Policy" says: "The soldiers are strong and the princes are afraid. 」

3. Jia Yi's "On Qin" said: "When the time came, Shang Jun assisted (filial piety), legislated at home, cultivated and woven, repaired the armor, and Lian Heng resisted the princes outside, so the Qin people made the land of Xihe. 」

4. Li Si's book of remonstrance and expelling guests says: "Filial piety is the law of Shang Yang, changing customs, making the people prosperous, making the country rich and strong, making the people happy, and making the governors personally serve it. He has been a teacher of Chu, Wei and Wen, and has ruled the country for thousands of miles. 」

5. Du You's "General Code" said: "With Shang Yang, Yangyang is narrow and poor in Sanjin, Qin is vast and sparsely populated, grass is inexhaustible, and its geographical location is inexhaustible; So the people of Sanjin were lured to benefit their fields and houses. After three generations, they were ignorant of military affairs, but their business was at home. And make the Qin people guard against the enemy. Therefore, it is not limited to how many fields are abandoned, how many buildings are built and how many fields are cultivated. In a few years, the country will be rich and strong, and the world will be invincible. 」

6. "Xunzi?" "Powerful Country" recorded the folk customs of Qin Dynasty after Shang Yang's death: "When you enter its country, you can see its vulgarity, its voice is not smooth, its clothes are not picky, and you are very afraid of tact. Its officials are strict, disrespectful, frugal, loyal and careless, and they are also ancient officials. Out of his door, into the palace door, out of the palace door, to his home, no private affairs, no cronies, like Zhou, if not open and open, this ancient scholar-bureaucrat also. 」

In addition to the general code, they are all people who conform to the Shang Yang era, and their records belong to contemporary history. In addition to being credible, they can also understand the effectiveness of the political reform at that time and evaluate it in time. It can be seen that Shang Yang's political reform was a success in the political reform movement in China's history.

Fourth, the success factors of Shang Yang's political reform: (briefly)

1. conform to the trend of political reform, add the border between Qin and Xi to avoid external interference; Moreover, Qin's inherent culture is low and it is easy to absorb higher culture.

2. Qin Xiaogong fully supports and trusts Shang Yang.

3. There is enough time to implement ten years for people to adapt and accept.

4. Implement the rule of law with clear rewards and punishments, and the people know what to abide by.

5. Paying attention to agriculture and restraining business, making the people have enough food and clothing, so they are supported by the people.

6. Shang Yang has a comprehensive plan, such as moving wood to establish a letter, first rewarding production and military achievements, and then moving the capital to attack.