There were certain rules for ancient feudal dynasties. Why did they perish in less than three hundred years?

Since the Qin Dynasty, the only countries with more than 300 years of national titles are "Han" and "Song". However, "Han" was cut off by Wang Mang. The Eastern and Western Han Dynasties are two different things. Only the 319 years of the Song Dynasty are integrated. Although the alternation between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty is a bit confusing and the Southern Song Dynasty is in a corner, it is still passed down from generation to generation without interruption. However, the Song Dynasty became a vassal of the Jin Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty was not a unified dynasty.

The Tang Dynasty has a history of 289 years, and for nearly 300 years, it happened to be a small warm period. Coupled with the same great land geographical discoveries as the Han Dynasty, a large number of exotic crops were introduced, which promoted agricultural development and population growth. . Its later decline was largely due to the sequelae caused by the above-mentioned dividends. One was climate change, and the other was immigration pressure. Coupled with the extravagant style fostered by good luck in the early stage, the collapse was very complete.

Before the Song Dynasty, the emperor sat in the middle, and the civil servants and generals stood on both sides. However, Zhao Kuangyin himself was a general who wore a dragon robe and became an emperor. Worried that his generals would follow suit, he began to elevate his civilian status to suppress the generals. As a result, the Song Dynasty became the weakest dynasty in history. Civil servants had a lot of status and wealth, so they described the Song Dynasty as prosperous and prosperous, which laid the foundation for thousands of years of trouble. The civil service group represented by the literati of the Song Dynasty was treated too high. The high status of the civil service group led to an imbalance of power. As a result, the civil service officials extended their hands into the sphere of influence of the military attache group and tried to do the work of the military attache. As a result, most of them were even better than Zhao Kuo. No, apart from Yue Fei, no other foreign wars had brilliant victories.

The Song Dynasty promoted literature and suppressed military affairs to an abnormal level, and extremely suppressed military generals and those with military merits. The Song Dynasty pursued civilian officials who were not familiar with military affairs to lead military activities, and laymen led experts. Failure was doomed. No matter how much the GDP of the Song Dynasty topped the world, it was at best a fat sheep exploited by neighboring countries. In order to maintain the dominance and interests of the scholar-bureaucrat group, it was obvious that they exploited and suppressed the living space of other classes. As a member of the intellectuals, the public intellectuals of the Song Dynasty advocated the glory of the Song Dynasty. Just like safeguarding one's own interests.

Feudal society specifically refers to the feudal state-building system that began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Since Qin Shihuang began a centralized autocratic system that lasted for more than 2,000 years, feudal society lasted for 800 years. Local governments developed their economies according to local conditions and innovated ideas. That era. The centralized autocratic system lasted no more than 300 years. Laozi once said, "The way of heaven damages more and makes up for the deficiency; the way of man damages the deficiency but makes up for the excess. The people are hungry because of the large food tax. Therefore, the people are hungry." "It is difficult to govern because of the achievements above." The root cause of social chaos is bureaucratic corruption and selfish desires that exploit the power of the people. There were only three laws in the Han Dynasty from the beginning of the founding of the country. Look how many there were later.

Since the rise of clan power in the Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty began to select scholars through the imperial examination, and Taizu of the Song Dynasty initiated civil rule. Since ancient times, the academic style has been clean and upright. The new culture has broken the original social order, the national culture has declined, and the natural living environment has deteriorated sharply. , in just a few decades, clans have become increasingly powerful, and it is difficult for a poor family to produce a noble son.

The 300-year historical cycle is more determined by the contradiction between land and population. In the early years of the dynasty, the population dropped sharply due to long-term wars and famines, and the contradiction between population and land was not acute. Afterwards, the population multiplied and increased, but the total amount of arable land remained unchanged. At the end of the dynasty, due to serious land annexation, the conflict between the population and the native land became unprecedentedly intensified. The feudal society emphasized agriculture over commerce, and the surplus population could not be absorbed and diverted for business. Moreover, ancient China did not advocate foreign colonial expansion, and there was often a famine disaster. It could turn into a peasant uprising sweeping the country, eventually leading to a dynasty change.

After each generation of dynasty ended the division of land and unified the world, it also caused class divisions. At the beginning, the class division lines were relatively small. As time went by, class divisions turned into class antagonisms. Internal conflicts arose. As a result, the old dynasty ended, the princes were divided, and the land was divided. After a period of life-and-death struggle, one finally eradicated the local kings and unified the world, and a new dynasty came. History repeated itself.

The lesson that history has taught us is: unification is not limited to the unification of the land, but also the unification of the hearts of the people to ensure the unity of the class. The unification of the land is what the ancients called conquering the country. Class unity is what the ancients said is protecting the country. If you want to achieve unification for thousands of years, you must adjust your policies at any time after you conquer the country and pay attention to people's livelihood. In this way, there will be no class division. If there is a central government that the people support and the people can have enough food and clothing, even if the local government wants to overthrow the central government, there will be no basis for popular support. And local officials are frequently transferred. Local officials who have won the hearts of the people will either fall to the central government or continue to stay in the local area.

Feudal rulers are all hereditary. If things go on like this, it will lead to the serious solidification of the ruling class, making the policies implemented by breaking the class at the beginning of the founding of the country less and less binding. At the same time, the land has been seriously privatized by local rulers, which has seriously affected the people at the bottom. The days are getting more and more difficult. Because the life of the hereditary emperor is getting better and better, the information in the palace is blocked and it is easy for the emperor to know the real social status quo. The peaceful scene created will cause people to lose their sense of worry. Centralized power has been weakened, the treasury is becoming increasingly empty, and the people are living a difficult life. Foreign invasion is precisely because the central control power has declined at this time, and the eunuchs and ministers have taken over, giving them an opportunity to take advantage of it.

At the same time, because the lands inhabited by foreign races are not as rich in products as the Central Plains and suitable for human survival, in order to survive, foreign races covet the Central Plains and find the right time to use war to survive for their own race.

Most rulers of ethnic minorities do not have a long-term vision. Once they come to power, they always provide many benefits to their own ethnic groups. This is obviously unfair from the beginning. The people will definitely find various opportunities to resist the ruling class, so the rule of ethnic minorities is relatively short.

However, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty did not reject Han culture. They were even more and more assimilated and did better in the integration of national cultures. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty ruled longer than the Liao, Xixia, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. . 300 years is the maximum point at which a class solidifies. The lower class cannot move to another class no matter how hard they try through legitimate means, so a revolutionary war is needed to break class solidification and reshuffle the cards.

In short, 1. Rigid thinking, unwilling to accept new things; 2. Rigid thinking, unwilling to reform and advance with the times; 3. Selfish, those in power only have their own glory and wealth in their eyes. There is no suffering for the common people; 4. The restraints of etiquette and the rules set by ancestors and clans cannot be violated, otherwise it will be unfilial, and the rules of the king, the king, the ministers, and the father, father, and son will kill people. The above four are the reasons why each dynasty since the Qin Dynasty did not last more than three hundred years.