How did the ancients manage their money?

The word "financial management" first appeared in the Book of Changes. "financial management is the right way, and banning people is not Japanese." It means that there is an appropriate statement about the management and use of property, and people's unreasonable expenses and extravagance are prohibited. This is the most appropriate way to manage money. According to archaeological discoveries and analysis of social phenomena, we can find that financial management problems have appeared since the middle and late primitive society. When it comes to Five Blessingg in Shang Shu Hong Fan, first talk about longevity, then talk about wealth; There are also many wonderful expositions about financial management in universities, so there is such a couplet: Hong Fan and Five Blessingg talk about wealth first, and financial management in universities is ten and a half chapters. Thus, wealth is a core content of China's classical works. Throughout the history of China, there are many places in the ancient people's financial management concepts that are worth learning and learning from. According to the preference for risk, ancient people's financial management concepts can also be divided into three types: risk preference, risk neutrality and risk aversion. Liking risks mainly refers to the type of financial management that pursues high risks and high returns, among which Lv Buwei is a typical representative. He believes that "the benefits of farming are several times and ten times; Zhu Yu won several times and said it a hundred times; National leaders have won several times and won countless times "(Warring States Policy). His financial management method is mainly to find potential and undervalued enterprises (Qin Gongzi created people), inject venture capital into them, help them go public (claim the title of emperor), and get huge profits, which can be said to be a precedent of venture capital. However, this high return is often accompanied by huge risks. If there is no reasonable exit mechanism, the consequences will be very dangerous, from ruin to ruin. Lv Buwei's later experience fully proved this point. Compared with him, Fan Li is much wiser. He knew how to quit profitable projects at the right time and invest in new ones, which led to the world-famous "Tao Zhugong". The concept of risk-neutral financial management follows the principle that income covers cost and risk, and chooses the best investment opportunity. Bai Gui's "optimism changes with time, people abandon me" (historical records) and Warren Buffett's "when others are rational, I am crazy; I am rational when everyone else is crazy. Being able to have independent thinking ability and way of thinking is very important in the investment process. He also speaks highly of himself. " I rule production, which is better than Yi Yin and Lu Shang's plan. Sun Wu used soldiers, and Shang Yang's method was correct. He believes that the most important thing in the investment process is four points: "wisdom", which has a strong balance; Brave ",take the initiative to attack; "Benevolence" is measured; Strong ",know how to make a choice. If he lives in modern times, I believe he is also a "stock god" figure. Risk aversion (risk aversion) is the most mainstream financial management concept in ancient China. Confucius' view that "a gentleman is benevolent, while a villain is profitable" (The Analects of Confucius) influenced almost all intellectuals later, and the evolution from "a gentleman does not talk about profit" to "a gentleman does not talk about profit" also made business the bottom of the social class. Because intellectuals are ashamed to talk about profits, they naturally don't invest. Most of them pursue low-risk, reasonable funding arrangements within their means. Our great writer Mr. Su Shi is one of the best. When he was demoted to Huangzhou Yong ying assistant, his salary was greatly reduced, so he made up his mind to control his daily expenses within150p. The specific method is as follows: take out 4,500 pence every month after paying wages, divide it into 30 piles, string it up with ropes and hang it on the beams, pick a string with a long painting fork every morning, and hide the painting fork after taking it. Usually put a big bucket at home to store the money left every day for visitors to use. Until today, this financial management method is still widely used by the working class. Ancient intellectuals were mostly poor, which also had a lot to do with their poor financial management. If they can plan their expenses reasonably like Mr. Su Dongpo, I believe that idol poets like Li Qingzhao and Liu Yong will not have a bleak evening scene, and Du Fu, then the minister of the Ministry of Industry, will not lament that "the hut was blown by the autumn wind".