What does Daqing Jilin mean? What happened in Jilin in Qing Dynasty?

What happened in Jilin in Qing Dynasty? Interested readers can pay attention to Bian Xiao.

At that time, Jilin was close to the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk and had the longest coastline in China. At the same time, the estuaries of Tumen River and Heilongjiang River are also located in Jilin area. In addition, Jilin also controlled Sakhalin Island, the largest island in China at that time.

Today's Jilin Province is a province dominated by Han nationality, but the name "Jilin" is not from Chinese, but a transliteration of Manchu "along the Yangtze River". Before the Qing dynasty, Jilin was a lonely and cold place, but after the demise of the Qing dynasty, Jilin became a province with a population of more than 5 million. How did Jilin develop during the 300 years of Qing Dynasty?

Jilin —— The Founding Land of Qing Dynasty

Jilin Province is located in the northeast of China. In the early years, some fishing and hunting nationalities lived in Jilin area. After the conquest of Korea in the Tang Dynasty, the Songmu viceroy and Shiwei viceroy were established in Jilin area. During the Wu Zetian period, sumo leader Dada established the Bohai Kingdom in Jilin, and maintained a tributary relationship with the Tang Dynasty. After the rise of Qidan, the Bohai Sea was destroyed by Qidan, and Jilin became the territory of Liao. After the Jin dynasty replaced the Liao dynasty, it inherited the Liao dynasty's rule over Jilin.

At the end of the Jin Dynasty, due to the expansion of Mongols, the original northeast region was seriously damaged. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Hercynian Nuzhen living in Jilin still lived a life of fishing and hunting.

/kloc-At the end of 0/6, after Nurhachi established a unified Jurchen State, it began to expand overseas. The main target of expansion is the Hercynian Nuzhen living in Jilin. After fierce fighting, Nurhachi annexed four Jurchen ethnic groups on the west side of the Taiwan Strait and directly brought Jilin into his jurisdiction.

In 6 16, Nurhachi established the Khanate in Hutuala. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nurhachi began to oppose the Ming Dynasty. His son Huang taiji succeeded to the throne, and later Jin changed the title to "Qing". In the later period of Huang Taiji's rule, the whole northeast was under the control of the Qing Dynasty. Because of the small population and the imminent war with the Ming Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty did not divide the Northeast into too many administrative divisions before entering the customs, but regarded the whole Northeast as an administrative region.

1644, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. During the civil strife in Ming Dynasty, Dourgen, the actual ruler of Qing Dynasty at that time, brought most areas of Manchu into this custom. When Dourgen first entered the customs, he continued the tradition of Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, and took the northeast as the administrative region. However, after China's entry into WTO, the center of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing, which made it impossible to directly manage the Northeast. So Regent Dourgen set Shengjing as the general manager in the name of the emperor shunzhi, responsible for the military and political affairs of the whole Northeast.

From Shipyard to General Jurisdiction

Just as the Qing Dynasty gradually eliminated the remnants of the Ming Dynasty in the Central Plains and unified the whole country, a group of uninvited Russians came to the northeast of Longxing Prefecture, where the Qing Dynasty rose. After Russia eliminated the Siberian khanate, it has been pushing eastward.

As early as the era of Huang Taiji, Russians had arrived in the northern part of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains and built Yakutsk Castle on the banks of the Lena River. In the ninth year of Shunzhi, the Qing army invaded Ningguta in the northeast of Heilongjiang and killed the officers and men guarding Ningguta. This incident shocked the Qing court, which began to strengthen the northeast defense work.

At first, general manager Shengjing was in charge of the whole northeast region. However, the northeast has only set up a first-level administrative region, which is not easy to manage, especially not conducive to the national defense development in the areas bordering Russia. Therefore, one year after tsarist Russia invaded Kuningbao Tower, the Qing Dynasty divided the area from the north of Kaiyuan to the periphery of Xing 'an League and the basins of Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River into new administrative regions, and set up Anbang Zhangjing and Kuningbao Tower to take charge of management. Later, Zhang Jing of Guning Pagoda was renamed as the general guarding Guning Pagoda and other places.

In response

Fortunately, the rivers in the northeast are very dense, and most of them belong to the Heilongjiang River system. The Qing government could transport soldiers by water. But it is necessary to take a boat. As early as the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty sent people to build shipyards in the northeast. After many investigations, the Ming government finally decided to build a shipyard near Ashhada Cliff in the upper reaches of Songhua River. As the Songhua River will eventually flow into Heilongjiang, the ship can reach Heilongjiang and other tributaries of Heilongjiang directly after completion.

However, with the decrease of the Ming government's power in the northeast, the shipyards near Ashhada Cliff were gradually abandoned.

In order to deal with Russia and strengthen its defense, the Qing government ordered Anbang Zhangjiang Hu Sha Shipyard to rebuild the shipyard near Yuanming Shipyard and build a large number of transport ships and warships there. With the expansion of the shipyard, more and more people live near the shipyard, and their living and production facilities are becoming more and more complete, gradually forming a city. Because the city developed along the Songhua River, with the shipyard as the center, the Manchu people called the city "Jilin Wula" for short, which means a city built along the river.

With the intensification of Russian invasion, the Qing government was forced to establish an independent naval division in the northeast. Jilin Shipyard is responsible for repairing and maintaining naval vessels. Gradually, Jilin Shipyard became the shipbuilding center in Northeast China at that time.

The Qing court gradually realized the importance of Jilin shipbuilding industry to the whole northeast, so in the fifteenth year of Kangxi, the general mansion of Heilongjiang Shouguning Tower moved from Guning Tower to Wula, Jilin. After moving to Jilin, he was responsible for shipbuilding and naval training and became an important position of General Ningguta. Therefore, at that time, people called General Ningguta, who moved to Jilin, a "shipbuilding general" and later changed it to "Jilin General".

Although Jilin occupies an extremely important position in northeast defense, it is still far from the front line of Sino-Russian confrontation. So, in the 22nd year of Kangxi, the Qing Dynasty transferred Saburo, the deputy commander of General Wula of Jilin, to Aihui City on the edge of Heilongjiang, and strengthened the defense against the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Heilongjiang River basin. A year later, Emperor Kangxi promoted Sabu to be the general of Heilongjiang, just like General Ningguta and General Shengjing.

So far, three administrative divisions of Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang have been formally formed in Northeast China. The jurisdiction of Jilin General has also been reduced to the east of Songhua River, including Wusuli River, Suifenhe River, Mudanjiang River and Tumen River basins, as well as the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River and even the islands of Sakhalin Island, because Heilongjiang is an independent first-class administrative region.

This was once the largest coastal province in northeast China.

Today, Heilongjiang is the largest province in Northeast China, but in the early Qing Dynasty, Jilin was the largest provincial administrative unit in Northeast China.

After Emperor Kangxi pacified San Francisco, he began to solve the Russian problem. After two wars, JAXA decided to negotiate with Russia on the border between the two countries, and finally reached an agreement in Nebuchadnezzar and signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar. According to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, the land east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin Island, is the territory of China. According to the administrative divisions of the Qing Dynasty, these lands were under the jurisdiction of Jilin General.

Due to the vast area east of Wusuli River, Jilin has become a coastal administrative region. At that time, Jilin was close to the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk and had the longest coastline in China. At the same time, the estuaries of Tumen River and Heilongjiang River are also located in Jilin area. In addition, Jilin also controlled Sakhalin Island, the largest island in China at that time. At that time, Jilin was the largest of the three administrative regions in Northeast China.

Although Jilin is a large area, the Qing dynasty banned Han Chinese from reclaiming land here. So at that time, except for the Eight Banners, only a few fishing and hunting ethnic groups lived in Jilin. The Qing Dynasty called these ethnic groups "border people". Due to the inconvenient transportation in these areas, the Qing Dynasty adopted a special management system for these border people.

In the administrative system, the Qing dynasty implemented the long surname system for frontier fortress.

Since the settlement pattern has not been broken, there will inevitably be conflicts between Hala and Kassam. At this time, Jilin General was asked to mediate. If there is a big conflict, it must also be reported to the emperor.

Due to the low productivity of these fishing and hunting tribes, the Qing Dynasty did not directly levy taxes on them like the mainland, but implemented the system of paying tribute to Wulin with sabers. Tribute Marten refers to the regulations of the Qing government that every border resident must pay tribute to the government every year. Wulin reward refers to the reward given by the Qing government to the border people who paid tribute to mink on time.

One of Jilin General's main duties at that time was to implement the whole system of paying tribute to minks and Wulin people. However, due to the large area of Jilin, the Qing government appointed three deputy commanders to assist Jilin General in managing Jilin's saber tribute martial arts system.

In order to ensure the effective operation of the system of "paying tribute to Wulin with knives", Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty organized officials to conduct field visits to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island in forty-eight years. This survey later became the main source of information for drawing the whole map of the emperor, which fully proved that the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, including Sakhalin Island, have been the territory of China since ancient times.

After Jiaqing, the national strength of the Qing Dynasty gradually declined. Russia took this opportunity to step up its aggression against northeast China.

1847, Russian appointed Muraviev as the new governor of East and West Siberia. After Muraviev came to power, he began to plan to invade the northeast of China, and clearly put forward that "Sakhalin Island and the left bank of Heilongjiang must occupy the sea mouth and sea mouth of Heilongjiang". /kloc-since 0/852, taking advantage of the civil strife in the Qing Dynasty and the lack of time in the north, Russia sent an armed expedition to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island, and established several armed outposts there.

1858, when the Qing dynasty fought against the British and French allied forces, Muraviev forced Heilongjiang, the general of the Qing army, to sign the Treaty of Ai. According to the content of the Qi Hui Treaty, except the vast territory north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains was ceded to Russia, the vast territory under the jurisdiction of Jilin General, including Sakhalin Island east of Wusuli River, was jointly managed by China and Russia.

In the so-called Sino-Russian Treaty, Russia sent people to occupy a large area of China and Sakhalin Island east of the Ussuri River, and set up a series of institutions here.

1860, Russia decided to take this opportunity to force the Qing government to sign a new unequal treaty in the name of mediating the conflict between the Qing dynasty and Britain and France. Finally, China and Russia signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. According to the treaty, the territory east of the Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island, which was originally under the jurisdiction of Jilin, was ceded to Russia.

Since then, Jilin Province has changed from a coastal province to an inland province closest to the sea.

From the military government to the provincial government, Jilin Province was born in.

After Manchuria entered the customs to rule the Central Plains, the population of Northeast China dropped sharply. However, out of distrust of the Han people, the Manchu nobles adopted a policy of banning the vast areas in Northeast China. Starting from the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, the Qing Dynasty built six side walls on the basis of the Liaodong side wall of the Ming Dynasty to prevent the Han people from entering. Jilin is just outside the six walls. Therefore, the number of Han people in Jilin area in the early Qing Dynasty was very small.

The Eight Banners belong to the military system of the Qing Dynasty, and the administrative units of provinces, prefectures and counties belong to the civil affairs system. In the early Qing Dynasty, the population of Han nationality in Jilin was small and there were no suitable counties, so it was not necessary to establish a civil administration system in Jilin. So in the early Qing dynasty, Jilin was not established as a province, but as a military government, which is what we call the general jurisdiction.

However, with the increase of population, the contradiction between man and land in Chinese mainland is getting bigger and bigger. As a result, a large number of Han farmers from Shandong, Shanxi and Hebei rushed to Jilin to settle down through wicker. In order to manage more and more Han people, the Qing Dynasty decided to establish a civil administration system in Jilin. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, the Qing government established Yongjifu, Taining County and Changning County as the first C.

After the signing of Aiyue, in the face of Russian aggression, the Qing government began to implement the policy of emigrating to Jilin, and encouraged mainland refugees to reclaim wasteland in Jilin. 1894 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the Qing government completely abolished the policy of banning Kyrgyzstan and opened the whole Jilin Province to the Han nationality. At that time, a large number of Han farmers flooded into Jilin from the mainland, and the proportion of Han population in Jilin gradually increased, becoming the main ethnic group in Jilin.

In order to manage the Han people, the Qing government established a large number of new counties in Jilin. By the thirty-second year of Guangxu, there were five hospitals, seven halls, three States and nine counties. With the increase of the civil administration system, the status of the Eight Banners Army gradually declined. The Qing government realized that the military government system in Jilin was not conducive to the development of Jilin, so in the thirty-third year of Guangxu, that is, 1907, Jilin General was officially abolished and the administrative structure of Jilin was changed to the same provincial system as that of the mainland. The highest official in Jilin Province is called the governor, so modern Jilin Province was formally born.