What is the overview of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina)?

Bosnia and Herzegovina (referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkan Peninsula. It is one of the six federal units that made up the former Yugoslavia, with its capital being Sarajevo. The country gained independence during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s, and under the Dayton Agreement it is currently an international protected area governed by senior representatives elected by the European Parliament. The country is divided into two entities in terms of administration and management, one is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Chinese), and the other is the Serbian Republic.

Bosnia and Herzegovina themselves are two geographical regions in history, and they have no political entity today.

History

Bosnia and Herzegovina has been inhabited by humans since the Neolithic Age. The early inhabitants were Illyrians. The site was occupied by the Roman Empire in 168 BC. The Ostrogoths occupied the area in 455. In the 6th century, the Ostrogoths were defeated by the Eastern Roman Empire. The southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina once became part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The Avars began to invade in the 6th and 7th centuries, and Croats and Serbs also entered the Balkan Peninsula. Over the next few centuries, the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided several times among the surrounding countries. In 1377 Tvrtko Kotromani? established an independent kingdom of Bosnia, but in 1463 the Ottoman Empire invaded and Bosnia was annexed.

Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, many Bosnians converted from Christianity to Islam, gradually forming the Bosnian Muslim nation. In 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914, the Austro-Hungarian prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serb nationalist in Sarajevo (see Sarajevo incident), leading to the first The outbreak of world war. After the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of Serbo-Croats and Slovenes, which was later renamed Yugoslavia. During World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Independent State of Croatia, an Axis puppet state, and returned to Yugoslavia under Tito after the war. At this time, Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially recognized as a union republic of Yugoslavia, and its borders were those of the Ottoman Empire, which was quite different from the actual ethnic distribution.

Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991, and held a referendum in February 1992 to seek independence. The Bosnian Serbs then sought to join Serbia by force with the support of Serbia, and civil war broke out. In March 1994, the Bos (Muslims) and the Croats agreed to form a federation with the Communist Party to fight against the Serbs. On November 21, 1995, all parties signed the Dayton Peace Agreement, ending the civil war and dividing Bosnia and Herzegovina into two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Serbia. In the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 200,000 people died and more than 2 million people were displaced.

After the war, NATO continued to station peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was replaced by the European Union at the end of 2004.

Politics

The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is composed of three people, each of whom belongs to an ethnic group (Muslim, Serb, Croat). The term of office is four years. Each person takes up the position of Chairman of the Presidium on a rotational basis for eight months. The members of the presidium are directly elected by the people, among which members of the Muslim and Croat ethnic groups are elected by the Muco Federation, and members of the Serb ethnic group are elected by the Serbian Communist Party and the State.

The Presidium nominates the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, which is approved by the Parliament. The President of the Council of Ministers is responsible for appointing ministers.

The Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina has legislative power and is divided into two houses: the People's House has 15 members, 5 from each ethnic group; the Representative House has 42 representatives, two-thirds of whom are from the MUK Federation, and three One-third came from the Serbian Republic.

The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina holds the highest judicial power in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is composed of nine judges, four of whom are elected by the MUK Federation, two by the Serbian Republic and the Republic of Serbia, and three by elected by the European Court of Human Rights and cannot be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina or a neighboring country of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Administrative divisions

Bosnia and Herzegovina is composed of two entities, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Chinese) and the Serbian Republic. The city of Br?ko, located in the northeastern border, does not belong to any one entity.

The Federation of Muk is divided into ten states, which are further divided into municipalities:

Una-Sana

Posavina

Tuzla Region

Zenica-Doboj

Bosnia-Podrinje

Central Bosnia Region

Herzegovina-Neretva

Western Herzegovina Region

Sarajevo Region

Western Bosnia Region

Serb** *The country is divided into seven regions, which are further divided into municipalities:

Banja Luka Region

Belina District

Doboy District

Sokorac District

Srbinje District

Trebinje District

Vlasenica District< /p>

The capital of the MUK Federation is Sarajevo. The legal capital of the Republic of Serbia is Sarajevo, and the actual capital is Banja Luka.

Geography

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, neighboring Croatia and Serbia and Herzegovina. The country is mainly mountainous, with the Dinara Mountains in the west. The Sava River (a tributary of the Danube River) forms the border between northern Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The south has a 20-kilometer-long outlet on the Adriatic Sea.

The main cities are: Sarajevo, Banja Luka, and Tuzla.

Economy

Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the poorer regions in the federation during the Yugoslav period. After independence, a civil war broke out, and the economy was seriously damaged. At present, the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is gradually recovering, and at the same time it is undergoing a transformation from a planned economy to a market economy.

The currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the convertible mark, which once maintained a one-to-one exchange rate with the German mark. After the German mark was replaced by the euro, the convertible mark continued to maintain a fixed exchange rate with the euro.

Population

48% of Bosnia and Herzegovina are Bosniaks (Muslims), 37.1% are Serbs, and 14.3% are Croats. The vast majority of Bosnian people believe in Islam. The vast majority of Serbs believe in Orthodox Christianity, and the vast majority of Croats believe in Catholicism.