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February 12, 189-April 15, 1865), American politician, thinker and abolitionist of black slavery. The 16th president of the United States, during his presidency, a civil war broke out in the United States, known as the Civil War in history, and Lincoln resolutely opposed national division. He abolished slavery in rebel states and promulgated the Homestead Act and the Declaration of Emancipation of Black Slaves. Lincoln defeated the separatist forces in the south and safeguarded the rights of the United States and its territory that all people are born equal regardless of race. Shortly after the end of the Civil War, Lincoln was assassinated. He was the first American president to be assassinated, the first president to be a member of the Party, and once ranked first among the greatest presidents. He is also one of the most successful presidents in the United States (the other two are George Washington and franklin roosevelt). The latest version of the $5 bill has a photo of abraham lincoln on the front. In 26, abraham lincoln was named No.1 among the 1 people who influenced the United States by the authoritative American periodical Atlantic Monthly. In 28, The Times organized an expert committee to rank 43 American presidents as "the greatest presidents" by different standards, and abraham lincoln ranked first.

Life of characters

Early experiences

Young Lincoln was born in a poor family in Harding County, Kentucky on February 12, 1846. In his own words, his childhood was "a concise chronicle of poverty". When he was a child, he helped his family move firewood, carry water, do farm work and so on. Parents are descendants of British immigrants. They make a living by farming and hunting. In 1816, Lincoln's family moved to the southwest of Indiana to reclaim land for a living. At the age of 9, Lincoln's mother, who was only 36 years old, died unfortunately, which also cultivated his ability to think and do things independently. When he grew up, his height of 193cm always gave people the most calm and melancholy impression. A year later, my father married a kind and enlightened woman named Sally Bush. The stepmother is kind and hardworking, treats the children of her husband's ex-wife as her own, and is full of love for young Lincoln. Lincoln also loves her stepmother, and the family lives in harmony and happiness. Because of his poor family, Lincoln was not well educated. In order to support his family, Lincoln worked as a ferryman on the Ohio River, a plantation worker and so on. At the age of 18, Lincoln, a tall man, was hired by a ship owner and sailed thousands of miles down the Ohio River with others. Before the age of 25, Lincoln had no fixed occupation and made a living everywhere. As an adult, he became a local land surveyor. Because he was proficient in measurement and calculation, he was often invited by people to solve land boundary disputes. After hard work, Lincoln was always a young man who loved reading, and the lights he read at night always flashed until very late. In his youth, Lincoln read all Shakespeare's works, American History and many books on history and literature. He made himself a learned and wise man through self-study.

political career

At a political rally, Lincoln made his first speech on abraham lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. Because he attacked slavery and put forward some suggestions that were beneficial to public undertakings, Lincoln had an influence in the public, and he had an outstanding personality. In 1834, he was elected as a state senator. In August 1834, at the age of 25, Lincoln was elected as an Illinois senator as a Whig and was re-elected for three terms until 1842. At the same time, he managed the rural post office and engaged in land survey. In 1836, Lincoln became a lawyer through self-study, and later co-founded a law firm in Springfield. He soon became the Whig leader of the state legislature. After accumulating the experience of state legislators, in 1846, 37-year-old Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives. In 1847, Lincoln, as a representative of the Whig Party, participated in the successful election of members of Congress and came to Washington for the first time. Around this time, the debate about slavery has become a major event in American political life. In this debate, Lincoln gradually became an opponent of slavery. He believes that slavery should be eliminated eventually, and slavery should be abolished in Washington, D.C. first. Slavers representing the interests of southern slave owners were madly opposed to Lincoln's abolition of slavery. In 185, the power of slave owners in the United States increased greatly, and Lincoln withdrew from Congress and continued to be a lawyer. In 1856, Lincoln quit the Whig Party because of his strong opposition to the expansion of slavery, joined the newly established anti-slavery peace party, and soon became the main leader of the party.

elected president

In November 186, Lincoln was elected president, and the * * * and the Party came to power for the first time. Lincoln's election posed a serious threat to the interests of plantation owners in the south. In order to create division, the slave owners in the south launched a rebellion. Eleven southern States successively withdrew from the union, announced the establishment of the "United States of America", and formulated a new constitution and elected a new president.

Lincoln's signature In April 1861, rebels from the south first started a war against the north. Lincoln called on the people to fight for the maintenance of federal unity, and the Civil War broke out. At the beginning of the war, Lincoln adopted the policy of seeking reconciliation with the south, and lost in the military. At the strong demand of all walks of life, a series of laws against slavery were passed in 1862. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation of Black Slaves, announcing that slavery in rebel states would be abolished from January 1, 1863, and slaves would become free men. The document brought hope and courage to the slaves. Many slaves left the southern army and joined the northern army. In 1864, he put forward the slogan of "for the people, by the people and for the people" to boost morale and won the civil war in April 1865. In the 1864 general election, Lincoln proposed the 13th Amendment to abolish slavery and included it in the * * * and the party's campaign platform. On November 8, Lincoln was re-elected as president. On the evening of April 14th, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by actor John Booth while watching the comedy Our American Relatives at Ford Theatre in Washington, and died the next morning. Lincoln's unfortunate death caused a great shock at home and abroad, and the American people deeply mourned him. More than 7 million people stopped on both sides of the road to pay their respects to the funeral procession, and 1.5 million people paid tribute to Lincoln's remains.

Achievements during his term of office

Abolition of slavery

One day in June 1831, abraham lincoln and his black assistants stood there in the slave auction market in the southern American city of New Orleans. Rows of black slaves were handcuffed with shackles, and they were all strung together by thick ropes. Slave owners came over and looked at them like mules and horses. Sometimes they went up to touch their arms and patted their thighs to see if they were strong and muscular and had the strength to work in the future. Slave owners beat black slaves with whips and branded them with red-hot iron bars. At this time, several sailors from the north came over. They were all shocked by the tragic scene in front of them. One of the young people said angrily, "What a shame! When I get the chance one day, I must completely crush this slavery. " The young man who spoke was abraham lincoln. Later, he became the president of the United States and really realized this great ambition. He has always regarded the abolition of slavery as his bounden duty. But this process is not smooth sailing. It is not easy to abolish slavery. Many people tried before Lincoln, but even sages like Jefferson and john brown failed. At that time, slave owners in the south were powerful and used various arguments to defend slavery. Faced with these defenses, Lincoln hit the nail on the head and pointed out: although a lot of books have been written to prove that slavery is a beautiful thing, we have never heard of anyone who wants to be a slave himself in order to get its benefits. After the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln made a decisive decision and acted arbitrarily. Not only did he expand the war power of the president, but he also ordered the suspension of the privilege of habeas corpus in some areas, dismissing the accusation of "unconstitutionality" from Justice Tanny. However, Lincoln has been wavering and hesitating on the issue of liberating slaves, and one of the important concerns is the private property rights related to the constitutional process. In view of the fact that the American Constitution forbids the government to deprive citizens of their property without due process of law, Lincoln has no intention or right to liberate slaves. The purpose of large-scale military use in the north is only to safeguard national unity, and it has nothing to do with moral high-profile issues such as the liberation of black slaves and freedom and human rights. On August 22nd, 1862, in a letter to Greeley, editor of new york Tribune, Lincoln wrote: "My highest goal is to save the Union, neither to preserve slavery nor to destroy it. If I can save the union without liberating a slave, I will not be liberated; If the liberation of all slaves can save the union, I will be completely liberated; If some slaves are liberated and the Federation can be preserved without liberating other slaves, I will do the same. " [4] At the beginning of his presidency, Lincoln tried to demand the abolition of slavery in a peaceful way in order to avoid national division and war. But with the deepening of the war, Lincoln really realized that if we really want to abolish slavery, we must shed blood and sacrifice, and peaceful means can't solve any problems at all. At the critical juncture of the civil war, Lincoln was able to comply with the demands of the broad masses of the people, destroy slavery in a revolutionary way, and solve the people's demand for land, thus promoting the development of American capitalism and making important contributions to safeguarding national unity and liberating black slaves.

Civil War

Southern Rebellion In 186, Lincoln was elected President of the United States. Lincoln said, "The best thing in life is his friendship with others." Lincoln's election

Lincoln and his son in the White House poses a serious threat to the interests of southern planters. Of course, they don't want a person who advocates the abolition of slavery to be president. In order to regain their long-held national leadership, they launched a rebellion before Lincoln took office. In December 186, South Carolina first declared its independence from the Union, and then slave-holding states such as Mississippi and Florida also left the Union. In February 1861, they announced the establishment of an "American Union", elected Jefferson Davis, the owner of the big plantation, as president, and formulated a "Constitution", declaring that black slavery was the foundation of the Confederacy: "Black people cannot be equal to whites, and black slave labor is a natural and normal state." On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy quickly captured the fort Sumter, where the federal government troops were stationed. Lincoln had to declare that he was against southern operations. Lincoln himself did not advocate the abolition of slavery in a radical way. He believed that slavery could be restricted first and then abolished gradually in a peaceful way, and the key was to maintain the unity of the Federation. Under the domination of this idea, the northern government was not prepared for war at all, but only rushed to fight, while the south had planned for a long time, with excellent equipment and well-trained troops. Therefore, although the north had advantages in many aspects, it was defeated by the south, and even the capital, Washington, was almost breached by the rebels. The defeat of the north in the battlefield caused strong dissatisfaction among the broad masses of the people, and demonstrations broke out in many cities, demanding that the government take measures to reverse the war. Only then did Lincoln realize that if he wanted to win this war, he must mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, abolish slavery and liberate black slaves.

Lincoln presented the The Emancipation Proclamation to the Cabinet. In May 1862, Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which stipulated that every American citizen could get 16 acres of land in the west by paying a registration fee of $1, and after five years of continuous cultivation, he would become the legal owner of this land. This measure fundamentally eliminated the possibility of the southern slave owners seizing the land in the west, and at the same time met the urgent demands of the broad masses of farmers, which greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to fight bravely. In September 1862, Lincoln personally drafted the Draft Declaration on the Emancipation of Black Slaves. On January 1, 1863, the Declaration of Emancipation of Black Slaves was officially promulgated, announcing that slavery in rebel states would be abolished from now on, and freed slaves could join the federal army. The declaration of slaves' freedom fundamentally disintegrated the fighting capacity of the South Army and gave the North Army a strong source of soldiers. During the civil war, the number of blacks who directly participated in the war reached 186,, and they fought bravely. On average, one in every three blacks gave his life for the cause of liberation. In 1863, the programmatic slogan of "owned by the people, governed by the people and enjoyed by the people" was put forward, thus making the war a mass revolutionary struggle. It is necessary to point out that The Emancipation Proclamation advocates that all slaves in the territory under the rebellion of the United States should enjoy freedom. However, the objects of exemption also include the border states that have not seceded from the Federation and the states under the control of the Federation. This declaration only liberated a small number of slaves immediately, but in essence strengthened the authority of these slaves' freedom after the federal army took control of the federal territory, and paved the way for the final abolition of slavery in the United States. [5] The promulgation of these two decrees was the turning point of the Civil War, and the situation on the battlefield became more and more favorable to the North. From July 1 to 3, 1863, the two sides fought the largest battle since the Civil War in Gettysburg, north of Washington. The two sides fought fiercely for three days and nights, and the northern army hit the southern army hard, causing the southern army to lose 36, people. From then on, the northern army began to counterattack, and

the southern army had to defend. On July 4th of this year, the Union Army won another victory in Vicksburg. Vicksburg, located on the Mississippi River, is a cliff 2 feet above the water. The Confederate troops guarding the cliff are commanding and can directly threaten the ships coming and going on the river with artillery fire. It is very difficult to attack this fortress from below. As early as the end of 1862, Grant led his troops to attack the fortress several times with the assistance of the navy, but all failed. In April, 1863, Grant implemented a new attack plan, first destroying all the strongholds around the fortress, and then surrounding Vicksburg. The navy also came to help, attacking from land and water at the same time, violently shelling the fortress, and the deafening guns rang for 47 days. On July 4th, the Confederate army trapped in the fortress ran out of ammunition and was forced to surrender. This time, the Union army captured 29, rebels. Then, the northern army quickly pursued the rebels with the autumn wind sweeping away the leaves, and captured the rebel capital Richmond on April 3, 1865. On April 9th, Robert Lee, commander-in-chief of the rebels, led 28, remnants to surrender to Grant in Abo Mattox village. The four-year civil war ended in the victory of the North. The Civil War is called the second American revolution after the War of Independence. Lincoln became a symbol of black liberation. But the slave owners hated him very much. On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by a fanatic who supported slavery while watching a play at Ford Theatre in Washington. Lincoln is an outstanding politician (and an outstanding lawyer), who has made great contributions to promoting the development of American society and is revered by the American people. In the eyes of Americans, his prestige even exceeds that of Washington.

Lincoln's shooting and editing made the United States not fight once in more than 2 years, but at that time it offended many southern planters and slave enthusiasts. John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln, was a slave fanatic. He and his companions let Lincoln die in the mourning of countless American people.