Related allusions to Kong Zhu

In the early 12th century of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jurchens rose to prominence in Northeast China and established a dynasty named "Dajin". The Jin soldiers brutally invaded the Central Plains, and the Song Dynasty was in violent turmoil. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), Bianjing, the capital of the Song Dynasty, fell. The Jin soldiers captured Song Qinzong, the Supreme Emperor Song Huizong, his concubines, princesses, clan kings, many ministers, and craftsmen, as well as plundered gold and silver jewelry, ceremonial objects, and classics and books. , astronomical instruments, etc. are heading north. After that, Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Song Huizong and King of Kang, ascended the throne and was known as Song Gaozong in history, and was changed to Yuan Jianyan. In order to avoid being plundered by the Jin soldiers, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty decided to lead all his civil and military officials to go south and move the capital to Lin'an (today's Hangzhou).

In January of the third year of Jianyan of the Song Dynasty (1129), Kong Duanyou, the 48th grandson of Confucius and Duke Yansheng, was called to move south. Prior to this, dozens of members of the Confucius family in Queli had joined the army and went south to protect him. Kong Duanyou and the clan leader Kong Chuan convened the Queli tribe to discuss countermeasures, and they unanimously agreed to use the strength of the entire clan to escort the temple's treasures to move south to prevent them from being plundered by the Jin soldiers. Only Kong Duancao, Kong Duanbing and Kong Chuan's second brother Kong Ruojian were left to guard the forest. temple. Kong Duanyou and Kong Chuan hurriedly finished cleaning up, and led more than a hundred tribesmen and tribesmen with the three surnames Yan, Meng, and Zeng to drive and harness horses, support the old and the young, and say goodbye to their homeland. They evaded plunder by the Jin soldiers along the way, and chartered a boat from Guazhou to cross the river with Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. They were followed by followers, followed by followers, from Zhenjiang, through Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), through Xiuzhou (now Jiaxing, Zhejiang), and finally escorted the treasure of the temple. Arrive in Lin'an in mid-February. On February 18th, Kong Duanyou went to see Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty and asked for a temple and residence and to accommodate a large number of immigrants in Queli. Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty granted the Confucius family a temple and residence in Quzhou. Quzhou is located in the west of present-day Zhejiang Province, on the upper reaches of the Qiantang River. It has a developed economy and culture, and convenient water and land transportation. It has since become the residence place of the direct descendants of Confucius who immigrated to the Southern Song Dynasty.

The arduous experience of Kong Duanyou, the 48th direct grandson of Confucius and Yanshenggong, and his family crossed the Yangtze River and migrated south. This period of history is called "Huqi Nandu", also known as "Dazong Nandu". The Confucius family who traveled to the south has lived in Queli for 48 generations. It is the oldest and most authentic lineage of Confucius since the Spring and Autumn Period and has the longest history of worshiping Confucius since the Han Dynasty. Under the patriarchal system, Duke Yansheng usually adopts the eldest grandson inheritance system. Duke Yansheng was the head of the Confucius family in all dynasties, and was responsible for the treasure of the Confucius family temple, which was passed down from generation to generation.

Before Huqi crossed to the south, there were less than 200 members of the Confucius family in Queli, and most of them immigrated to the south of the Yangtze River with Yan Shenggong. Over the past 160 years, nearly a thousand people have flourished from the original hundred or so people. In addition to Liangzhe East Road where Yansheng Apartment is located in Quzhou, they have also moved to Liangzhe West Road, Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road, Huainan East Road, Huainan West Road, Jinghu South Road, Jinghu North Road and other places have six generations of Yanshenggong: Kong Duanyou, Kong Jie, Kong Tie, Kong Wenyuan, Kong Wanchun and Kong Zhu. They all strictly performed their duties as chief priests, practiced Confucian thought, made friends with famous scholars and virtuous people, pursued the concept of loyalty to the emperor and patriotism, and supported Neo-Confucianism and academy education in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were only 5 academies in Quzhou, which increased to 17 in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, 22 descendants of the Kong family served as academic officials, and 7 served as full-time or part-time academy directors. Kong Zhu, whose courtesy name was Silu, was the founder of the Confucius Family Temple in Quzhou. He built two Confucius temples in his lifetime, which were unique in style.

In the third year of Jianyan (1129), the descendants of Confucius in Queli escorted the treasure of the temple to the south with Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, and were given the home of Quzhou. They had "the right to use the state's studies as their family temple" for more than a hundred years, until Kong Zhu It was only in this era that there were dedicated places for worshiping Confucius.

During the reign of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, Duke Yan Shenggong Kong Zhu requested that a family temple be built for the Kong family in Quzhou, where Emperor Gaozong granted him residence, so that Confucius would have a temple dedicated to his meals and Duke Yansheng would have a dedicated place to worship. Lizong of the Song Dynasty issued an edict to allocate 360,000 yuan of official money to build the Kong family temple on Linghu Lake in the northeast of Quzhou City. It was built in mid-summer of the first year of Baoyou (1253) and completed in mid-spring of the following year (1254). It "imitated the system of Qufu and followed the legacy of Lu Temple. The building is majestic and the scenery is new." It became a sacred place for the descendants of Confucius who immigrated to the south of the Yangtze River. . Linghu Confucius Temple is divided into two parts: temple and mansion. The most iconic building among them is Siru Pavilion designed and named by Kong Zhu.

Silu Pavilion is located on the west side of the Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple. It contains two treasures of the temple that were escorted by the descendants of Confucius in Queli to move south during the Jianyan period. The first is a rare Confucian treasure, the regular wooden statue of Confucius and his wife Qi Guan, which is said to be the painstaking work of Confucius's favorite disciple Zigong; the second is the authentic work of the famous painter Wu Daozi of the Tang Dynasty, the famous painting "Portrait of the First Sage", which was created by Kong Duanyou, the 48th generation grandson of Confucius. He brought it from Queli when he was traveling south and had it carved into a stone tablet by Kong Duanyou. This is a unique landmark of the Confucius family who immigrated to the south of the Yangtze River. "Lu" is the birthplace of Confucius, an ancient country in the Spring and Autumn Period. Kongzhu's character is Silu, which is derived from the word "Silu". It expresses the homesickness of Duke Yansheng of the sixth generation of Jiangnan who looked north and missed him day and night. This made the Kong family in Jiangnan never forget their ancestral home. In the second year of Deyou (1276), Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. Quzhou was in chaos. The Linghu Confucius Temple was destroyed by war. The ancestral temple treasures in Silu Pavilion were transferred to the remaining houses of the Confucius Mansion to set up altars for worship. When Meng Yan, the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty, opened the gates of Quzhou to welcome the surrender, facing the destruction of the temple, the demise of the country, and the destruction of the city, Kong Zhu changed his name to "Jingqing" and "Cunzhai" to "Jingxingxingzhi" to save the saint ancestor. Tao as his career for the rest of his life.

At the critical moment, Kong Zhu convened a discussion with his clan members and decided to use the efforts of the entire clan to rebuild the Confucius Temple. Soon, the family temple presided over by Kong Zhu and built with the strength of the whole clan was completed in Lurufang, south of Quzhou City, where the Kong clan in Nandu lived. Kong Zhu, Kong Yingxiang, a member of the Xingbu Pavilion who retired to Quzhou, Kong Yingde, a bachelor of Zizheng Palace, and other clan members attended the temple as usual to maintain and appease the descendants of Confucius living in the south of the Yangtze River. They also prayed for the past Confucian scholars and sages and the people of Quzhou, uniting people's hearts* **Overcoming difficulties.

The Confucius Temple in the south of the city is simpler than the Linghu Confucius Temple, but it has complete facilities and the same style. During the more than two thousand years of feudal dynasties that built temples to worship Confucius, this is the only example of a family temple that was built under the auspices of Yanshenggong and with the joint efforts of the family.

After the Confucius clan said goodbye to Queli in the third year of Jianyan, the puppet regime "Daqi" supported by the Jin Dynasty took control of Qufu. The puppet Qi Emperor Liu Yu named Kong Duancao, who stayed behind in Linmiao, as the "Shenggong Yan". Kong Duancao refused to accept it and died of illness the following year. In the fourth year of Qi Fuchang (1132), the puppet Qi emperor forcibly made Kong Duancao's son Kong Fan the Duke of Yansheng. After that, the Jin regime supported three generations of Dukes of Yansheng in Qufu. After the Mongol Empire army captured Qufu, Kong Yuanyong, a younger brother of the Kong Yuancuo clan of Jin Yanshenggong, was granted the title of Yanshenggong. The Jin and Yuanyan sages coexisted for nine years. Each had its own power and fought openly and secretly. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty (1233), Kong Yuancuo, the Holy Duke of Jin Yan, was re-elected as the Holy Duke of Yuan Yan. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the newly appointed Duke of Yan Yan, Kong Yuancuo, was dismissed from his title. After Kong Zhi, the son of Kong Yuanyong, became the hereditary magistrate of Qufu County, he also designed to make Kong Zhen, the son of Kong Yuancuo, lose the title of Duke of Yansheng. The descendants of Confucius in Queli are gentle and clean.

Although Kong Zhu was the Holy Duke of Yan in the former Song Dynasty, he was still recognized as the head of the Confucius family in the early Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, promised to be a high-ranking official and receive a generous salary. In the spring and summer of the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), he conscripted Kong Zhu to return to Lu and worship him. In July, Kong Zhu went to the imperial court in response to the imperial edict as the "Shenggong of Jiangnan Raid and Feng Yan". He left Quzhou, went north via Yangzhou, and arrived in Qufu County in August. With the assistance of Kong Zhi, the magistrate of Qufu County, he stayed and inspected for more than two months. He visited ancestral temples, ancestral halls, and ancestral forests, met with old and young relatives, and expressed his feelings about the sixth generation of Duke Yansheng in the south of the Yangtze River when he left his hometown for Silu. He deeply felt that during the 160 years, Great changes in the ancestral home: The senior clan members, men, women, old and young who stayed at Queli Lin Temple back then were ravaged by war and have long since changed. Kong Zhu was worried that the Jin and Yuan regimes each used the descendants of Confucius to instigate the Confucius family in Qufu to fall into disunity. After more than two months of careful consideration, Kong Zhu decided to exercise his unique authority as the leader of the great sect and the unique Confucian golden mean to stop the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty from plotting to "use Confucius to rule Confucius" and save the Qufu Kong family. The dignity of saints.

After Kong Zhu stayed in Qufu for two months to inspect the ancestral court, he left Lu for a pilgrimage in November. According to historical records, when Kong Zhu came to the imperial court, he did not refuse to be entrusted by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to offer sacrifices to the emperor of the country (equivalent to the highest education director in the country), to promote the affairs of the Zhejiang Taoist School, and to receive a generous salary from the imperial court. He accepted the letter of the temple seal with great enthusiasm, but politely declined to return to Lu to offer sacrifices. Kong Zhu first presented the Confucian classics "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Family Sayings of Confucius", preached the essentials of the classics, and expressed that he would inherit the ancestral precepts and achieve the eight characters of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, etiquette, righteousness, wisdom, and trust; then, he spoke candidly Hui Hui cannot accept the emperor's gift and must protect the tomb of his ancestors in Quzhou and return to Quzhou to serve his elderly mother. Otherwise, he would rather resign from the title of Duke Yansheng. The ministers around Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty repeatedly advised him to act according to his orders, but Kong Zhu was unmoved and submitted the bronze seal issued by the royal family of the former Song Dynasty to Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty appreciated Kong Zhu's calmness and frankness, and praised: "It is better to violate honor than to violate Tao, and you are a true saint!" He was not angry at Kong Zhu's refusal to return, and did not force him to return to Lu with his title. In order to offer sacrifices, there was no other appointment of Yanshenggong to preside over the sacrifices in Qufu.

Kong Zhu restored the dignity of the saint descendant of the Kong family in Qufu by "relinquishing the title", and spent the rest of his life maintaining the cultural environment of Jiangnan Confucianism and Southern Song Dynasty Neo-Confucianism, and protecting the "Southern Confucianism" who had become the fourth-class person in the Yuan Dynasty. Jiangnan Confucius and many Confucian scholars were protected from discrimination and persecution. It was not until several years after Kong Zhu died of illness that the Yuan Dynasty reconfirmed and conferred the title of Holy Duke Yan.

Confucius said: "The Doctrine of the Mean is a virtue, and it has reached its end! The people have been prosperous for a long time." ("The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye") When the Yuan and Song dynasties changed, Kong Zhu used Confucian wisdom to deal with it calmly He used coercion and inducement, abided by loyalty, filial piety, justice, and preserved the Confucius family, perfectly practicing the virtue of moderation.