Is there a household registration system abroad?

Japan is a country with complete freedom of population movement. The Constitution stipulates the freedom of movement of citizens. At the same time, Japan also has the Household Registration Law, which while ensuring the free movement of citizens, also addresses the issue of citizens’ household registration. Detailed and strict regulations have been made.

Tokyo has a population of more than 12 million, accounting for 1/10 of Japan’s total population. A large number of people enter and leave Tokyo every day, and the flow of population here is completely free. Japanese people are free to choose schools, as long as their grades are qualified and they can afford the tuition; they are free to pursue careers, as long as they apply successfully; they are free to choose their homes, as long as they can afford a house or sign a rental contract, they can choose a place and a house to live in.

Compared with China's household registration system, France's household registration management work is both strict and quite arbitrary. Strictly speaking, the household registration information of French people is closely related to their daily life such as medical treatment and savings. However, France does not have any mandatory administrative measures for cross-regional population movement. As long as you are willing, no one will stop you from taking root wherever you go. According to statistics, Paris, which covers an area of ??more than 12,000 square kilometers, is home to 3 million people, while the total population of the greater Paris area, including its suburbs, exceeds 10 million.

The Indian Constitution stipulates that "all citizens enjoy the right to move freely within the territory of India and to live and settle anywhere." After Indians leave their place of birth, as long as they find a job in a new place, their daily life, children's schooling, etc. are no different from the locals. And according to regulations, whether they are slum residents or migrant white-collar workers, as long as they are over 18 years old and have lived locally for more than five years, they can apply for a new voter card to integrate politically into the local society.

According to the reporter’s understanding, in a big city like New Delhi, the only difference between the indigenous residents and the immigrant population is economic. The indigenous residents generally have been rooted in the city for many years, and their work and life are relatively stable. Moreover, many of them have more than one house because of their great fortune. They can make a fortune every year just by renting out houses to immigrants and foreigners. Philippine income.

Latin America is vast and sparsely populated, but there are many large cities with concentrated populations: Mexico City has 16.4 million people, Buenos Aires in Argentina has 13.87 million people, and Sao Paulo in Brazil has 13 million people, 10 million people in Rio de Janeiro. Latin America's population is freely mobile. Since industrialization, the rate of urbanization has been rapid. At present, the urban population has exceeded 75%, which is close to the European level.

Household registration management is strict and loose

Yang Hui: Japan has a strict household registration system, which uses family as a unit to indicate each person's identity, husband-wife relationship, father-son relationship, etc. Children do not have the right to independently establish their own household registration until they reach legal adulthood at the age of 20. Once they become adults, they have complete freedom. However, the most commonly used household registration text in Japan is called "Resident Registration", which is based on each person's place of residence and indicates the person's name, date of birth, gender, relationship to the head of the household, etc. Such as registering as an elector or candidate, receiving compulsory education, applying for national health insurance, national pension insurance (pension insurance), registering to pay taxes, etc., you need to show your resident card first. Japan's resident certificate completely moves with the address.

Japan implements a typical "household registration follows the person" system. There are a set of strict legal requirements for household registration. First, before moving out, citizens need to go to the local government to apply for a move-out certificate with a resident certificate, indicating the reason for moving out (such as schooling, employment, marriage, etc.) and the planned address; after moving into the new address , citizens must register their move-in at the government of their new place of residence within 14 days. At this time, they need to bring their move-out certificate, National Health Insurance Card, etc. In short, no matter where anyone moves, their whereabouts are under the control of the government.

Chen Yuanchuan: Foreigners who first arrive in France have an obvious feeling: the French attach great importance to "paper", that is, the civil registration system related to individual citizens. Starting from the day a baby is born, its date of birth, gender, parents’ occupation, economic income, nationality, religious beliefs and other relevant information are recorded. When a citizen reaches the age of 18 and applies for an ID card, the applicant needs to bring his birth certificate, family household registration book, etc. to the municipal government or police station where he lives to apply in person. Each ID card is valid for 10 years.

Qian Feng: Like many developing countries, India has a civil registration system, which includes the date of birth, gender, death, and marriage registration of citizens, as well as their parents’ occupation, economic income, and religious beliefs. Registration, etc., but there is no ID card and household registration book similar to China. Across India, the household registration management system is very loose. In daily life, voter ID, work ID, driver's license, student ID, and passport are important documents to prove identity. For hundreds of millions of citizens across the country living below the poverty line, a government-issued poverty certificate is also equivalent to proof of identity. But in daily life, some Indians do not have the habit of carrying these documents with them, which often leaves the police helpless.

Will all the population flow to big cities?

Yang Hui: With this question in mind, the reporter asked Mr. Yoshida Akira from the Social Department of the Asahi Shimbun for advice, and the answer he got was very clear. and persuasive. He said that since the war, especially during the period of industrial development, Japan has indeed seen a tendency of population migration to big cities, turning agriculture into "grandparent agriculture." It has become a social problem for young people in some remote mountain villages to find a partner. But even so, the population will not all flow to big cities.

First of all, Japan implements a private land ownership system. Land and mountains are the most valuable property of a family. Most landowners are reluctant to throw away their land and move away from home. Secondly, most people who move to cities do so for reasons such as schooling, work, and marriage. Otherwise, it will be difficult to survive if you move to an expensive big city.

Especially with the improvement of the country's economic development level, Japan has basically eliminated the difference between urban and rural areas. The residential and living conditions in rural areas are no less than those in cities. The houses are even more spacious and the air is fresher. Therefore, many The "distance working group" who goes to work in Tokyo during the day and returns to Chiba, Saitama, and Kanagawa prefectures at night.

Chen Yuanchuan: In fact, although foreigners coming to Paris will not be subject to administrative restrictions, they will face some "natural factors". First of all, Paris is a bustling, crowded, noisy and lively metropolis. This atmosphere is enough to deter many French people who like peace and quiet. More importantly, prices in Paris are expensive. You may be able to live comfortably in the provinces with the same salary income, but it seems to be very difficult to live in Paris. The first challenge that outsiders encounter when coming to Paris is accommodation. The current housing in Paris is not only extremely expensive, but also the housing market is in short supply. A listing of a house for rent often has thirty or forty people applying for it. The result of this problem is that many people work in the city of Paris but live in the suburbs, traveling back and forth by subway and bus every day.

Of course, once you settle down in Paris, you don’t have to worry about other issues, because France’s medical insurance, unemployment assistance, etc. are networked nationwide and are the same in the capital and other provinces. Take social insurance as an example. France’s social insurance system is under the unified management of the Social Insurance Management Center of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Every citizen has a social insurance number and enjoys medical insurance, unemployment assistance, housing subsidies, and medical treatment nationwide. Medical treatment and other social benefits. If you move from one city to another, you only need to notify your previous social insurance agency and transfer your personal data to the corresponding agency at your new address. If parents move jobs across provinces and cities, their children's schooling will not be affected in any way.

Migrant workers overwhelm big cities

Liu Hong: In Latin America, due to the large number of farmers flooding into big cities without any order and without any restrictions, despite the early development of industrialization, However, as time goes by, many of the negative effects of "over-urbanization" have become apparent. The four cities mentioned above have all entered the ranks of the world's megacities, while the populations of some other cities are still in line with this goal. Such rapid expansion has resulted in serious deficiencies in municipal infrastructure. Take Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, for example. The city was originally designed to serve a population of 4 million. Due to the influx of a large number of farmers, the original medical, education, transportation and other service facilities have become overwhelmed. Furthermore, urban employment pressure continues to increase, and urban poverty continues to increase. Currently, 65% of the poor in Latin America are urban residents.

Qian Feng: At the same time, facing the "wonderful world outside", many farmers working in big cities such as New Delhi and Mumbai, because they have no relatives and the capacity of the big cities themselves is limited, after working hard during the day, At night, they either live in nooks and crannies of the city or sleep on the streets. Over time, slums have become an unavoidable landscape in major cities in India.

According to data, in the past 10 years, the population of slums in large cities in India has been on the rise. Taking New Delhi, the capital, as an example, its total population is more than 12 million, but the population in slums has increased from 2.24 million to 3.26 million. Mumbai, which is known as having "Asia's largest slum cluster", has a slum population of 5.85 million.

Reasonable regulation and control to disperse urban population pressure

Liu Hong: The main reasons for the formation of “over-urbanization” in Latin America are: First, lack of experience and lack of reasonable regulation. The spontaneous flow of immigrants has never been regulated, nor has it explored an urbanization model suitable for national conditions. As a result, a single model has been formed in which immigrants are concentrated in large cities. 2. Deviations in the agricultural modernization model. The large farm system formed in Latin American history has resulted in a high degree of concentration of rural land, leaving the majority of farmers with little or no land. 3. Policy mistakes.

These factors have prompted rural residents to move to cities. To solve this international problem, experts' suggestions are: increase investment in agriculture and set up various economies in rural areas to attract a large number of rural labor forces; at the same time, build satellite cities with complete facilities to appropriately disperse the population of central cities pressure.

Qian Feng: Many Indian economic experts pointed out that there are many constraints for non-local people to move into cities: First of all, the cost of migration is very high. Those who move to cities are not the poorest in rural areas, but those who can afford the migration costs. and farmers with certain migration networks. Furthermore, there are urban employment opportunities. Being able to find employment in the city is a key factor that determines whether farmers can survive in the city. However, in order to slow down the spread of "urban diseases", experts still call on the government to adopt more market regulation measures, including encouraging the development of satellite cities, strengthening infrastructure construction in large and medium-sized cities, creating more job opportunities, and diverting the employed population from megacities and rural areas.