The history of indo-European hybrids

The composition of residents in modern Latin America is extremely complex, which is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the ethnic composition of residents is complex, except for the three major races formed in history for a long time, there are a large number of mixed-race, and the situation and degree of mixed-race are different; Second, the ethnic composition of residents is complex. In addition to retaining the original native American peoples and a large number of immigrants, there are many emerging ethnic groups gradually formed during the colonial period in Latin America.

Race and nationality represent two different concepts; Although they are inextricably linked, they all contain their own unique meanings. Race should belong to the category of biology, while nationality is to distinguish and recognize human beings from the perspective of sociology. All kinds of people have lived in a certain area for a long time. In order to adapt to the local white environment, they gradually formed a physical form with certain genetic characteristics (skin color, body shape, nose shape, lip shape, face shape, hair, tooth shape, blood type, etc.). Modern anthropologists divide the world population into three major races: Mongols, Europeans, blacks and Australians, and sometimes blacks are divided into three races. The offspring of people of different races who marry or live together are hybrids. Nation is the product of social development, and it is a stable body with the same language, the same region, the same economic life and the same cultural and psychological quality. Generally speaking, as long as the above-mentioned elements of a nation are possessed, no matter whether the members of the same organism belong to the same race or not, it is possible to gradually form a new nation in order to meet the needs of social and historical development. We call it the new country produced by this reorganization.

The modern inhabitants of Latin America are mainly composed of three parts: emerging nations, Indian nations and immigrants. There are about 600 Indian tribes in 22 countries and regions in America, with a total population of about 40 million, accounting for 12% of the total population of Latin America of 447 million (1990), mainly distributed in Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Ecuador and other countries, among which Mexico and Peru have the largest number of Indians, accounting for about the total number of Indians. Indians belong to different types of Mongolians, and their national characteristics are similar to those of Mongolians, such as black hair, high cheekbones, small eyes, flat forehead and short and thick figure. All ethnic groups in India have their own indigenous languages, among which Aztec, Mayan, Quechua and Guarani are the most widely used. There are mainly Quechua people (about10.3 billion) among the Indian peoples with more than one million people, and they are distributed in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and other countries. Aymara (about 6.5438+0.7 million), distributed in Bolivia and Peru; Aztecs (about 1.3 million), distributed in Mexico; The Quiche people (about 6.5438+0 million) are mainly distributed in Guatemala.

The second component of anti-American modern residents is immigration, which mainly refers to immigrants who have recently moved to Latin America since the outbreak of the War of Independence in the early 9th century, excluding all kinds of immigrants who have integrated into various emerging ethnic groups. It is estimated that from 180 1 to 1950, the total number of European immigrants to Latin America reached120,000, mainly from Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Britain and France, and also from South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile. Since the second half of the19th century, thousands of Americans, Indians, Japanese, Koreans, etc. Kidnapped by western countries in the form of contract workers to China. According to statistics, from 1840 Opium War to the end of 1960s, there were 165000 overseas Chinese in Latin America, mainly distributed in Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Peru and other countries. Japan's imports are mainly concentrated in Brazil, while India and Indonesia are mainly concentrated in Suriname and Guyana.

The third group of modern residents in Latin America is also the most important ethnic group in Latin America, that is, the emerging ethnic group in Latin America. They are basically the main ethnic groups in this country. Among them, there are 14 emerging ethnic groups with Indo-European mixed blood as the main ethnic component, all of which are distributed in Latin American countries. There are 10 emerging ethnic groups, mainly distributed in the West Indies, and 5 emerging ethnic groups, mainly distributed in Cuba, Costa Rica, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and other countries. There are also four emerging ethnic groups, namely Belize, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname, whose ethnic composition is complex. The languages of emerging peoples in America belong to two major Indo-European language families-Germanic language family and Latin language family. Among them, there are 18 Spanish speakers and 14 English speakers. Only Brazilians speak Portuguese, Haitians speak French and Surinamese speak Dutch.

From the perspective of 33 independent countries in Latin America, the proportion of emerging ethnic groups in their residents' composition and their roles and influences in the social life of various countries are not exactly the same. Generally speaking, it can be divided into the following different situations:

A country with emerging ethnic groups as the main ethnic groups.

These countries account for the majority of independent countries in Latin America. The emerging nationalities in these countries not only have absolute advantages in population, but also play a leading role in national politics, economy, social culture and so on. Emerging ethnic groups and Indians are the main ethnic groups in the country.

There are four such countries: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Guatemala. The original inhabitants of Guatemala belong to Maya-Quiche Indians. When the Spanish arrived, the Kiche, Katzir, Ma Mei and others all established relatively strong independent kingdoms. Although these small Indian kingdoms were completely destroyed by the Spanish, these Indian peoples survived tenaciously. Some of them have mixed with Spanish whites, become Indo-European hybrids, or become assimilated Indians, known locally as Latinos. Indo-European hybrids, Latin Americans and some indigenous whites have gradually formed a new nation-the Guatemalan nation; However, many Indians still maintain their own language, culture, ethnic areas and living customs. In this way, Guatemala has become a country composed of two major ethnic groups, namely, the emerging Guatemalan ethnic group and the Indian ethnic groups that account for half of the country's population, such as the Quiche, Katzir and Ma Mei ethnic groups. Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and other Andean plateau areas are the hometown of Quechua, Aymara and other Indians. At present, Quechua and Aymara are still two major Indian nations in South America, especially Quechua, with 6.5438+0.32 million people and Aymara, with 6.5438+0.8 million people. Most of them live in the Andean Plateau and become a major ethnic group in the Andean countries. 53% Quechua people live in Peru and 67% Aymara people live in Bolivia. Therefore, in Peru, the neo-Peruvians only account for 50% of the total population, Quechua Indians account for 42.7%, Aymara and other Indians account for 5.9%, and there are 0.3% overseas Chinese. In Bolivia, emerging ethnic groups only account for 42.3% of the national population, Quechua people account for 23%, Aymara people account for 2 1.4%, and Indians account for more than half of the national population. The population of emerging ethnic groups in Ecuador is less than 50% of the national population, while the population of Quechua ethnic groups is 4 1.7 million, accounting for 49.9% of the total population.

A multi-ethnic country has complex ethnic components.

These countries mainly include Guyana Cooperative Republic, Suriname, Belize and Trinidad and Tobago. Residents like Guyana are Indians, African-Americans, Indians, China, Portuguese and other Europeans, so it is called the "six-nation state". In Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, apart from some emerging ethnic groups composed of blacks and mulattoes, there are also a large proportion of Indians, Indonesians and Indonesians of mixed descent. Suriname has 10% forest blacks and 3.4% Caribbean Indians. Belize is the country with the smallest population but the most complex ethnic composition in Central America.

Judging from the ethnic composition of emerging ethnic groups in Latin America, they can be roughly divided into the following different types:

(a) Mainly white,

A new country formed by absorbing a few mixed-race children and assimilating a few blacks and Indians. There are mainly five such emerging countries in Latin America. They are emerging countries such as Argentina, Costa Rica, Cuba, Brazil and Uruguay.

These races are the whitest in Latin America for many reasons. For example, Costa Rica, located in the isthmus of Central America, is the middle zone between ancient Aztec culture and Colombian Chibucha culture. In ancient times, Indians only regarded this area as a bridge between two civilized regions, and few people settled in this area. Therefore, Indians in this area have been particularly scarce since ancient times, which is also the main reason why European white descendants later accounted for the vast majority in Costa Rica. Other European white immigrants and their descendants have a growing population, and the main reason for forming a new ethnic group dominated by white people is the extinction or sharp decline of population caused by war, plague, migration and mutilation.

(2) Mainly black,

A small number of mulatto merged, or mainly mulatto, and a small number of blacks formed a new nation. There are mainly new ethnic groups like 10, which are mainly distributed in some small island countries in the West Indies. They are Haitian, Jamaican, Barbadian and Dominican. 90% of the residents of these four ethnic groups are descendants of slaves who were trafficked from Africa to the island during the colonial period. Only a few blacks married or cohabited with white colonists or white immigrants on the island. The mulatto only accounts for about 10% of the total population of emerging ethnic groups. There are a little more mixed-race people in Jamaica. Six other ethnic groups, such as Bahamas, Saint Christopher Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, etc. , mainly17-19th century trafficked African slaves and their descendants, as well as Murato people mixed with European white immigrants and their descendants (mainly British and French) on the island. Because most of these Murato people are of black descent, many Murato people are close to pure black in color and racial characteristics.

③ Most of them are Indo-European hybrids,

A new country made up of some assimilated whites, Indians and a few blacks. There are 14 such emerging countries in Latin America. Its population accounts for about 83% of the total population of 33 emerging ethnic groups. 65,438+04 emerging ethnic groups are Mexicans, Nicaraguans, Guatemalans, Salvadorans, Panamanians, Dominicans, Hondurans, Colombians, Venezuelans, Peruvians, Bolivians, Ecuadoreans, Chileans and Paraguayans.

(D) Emerging ethnic groups with complex ethnic composition.

There are mainly four, they are Suriname, Belize, Guyana and Trinidad. Because the ethnic areas that formed these four ethnic groups have been fought and attacked by colonists from the West, Britain, France and Holland and pirates from Britain, France and Holland for many times in history, these four ethnic groups are not only complicated in composition, but also have poor stability in integration. Especially in the middle of19th century, after the abolition of slavery in Latin America, due to the shortage of labor, a number of indentured laborers were recruited in Asia, mainly Indians, Javanese and Indonesians, which made the phenomenon of racial integration more complicated.

For example, the emerging Surinamese are clearly divided into Indian Surinamese and European Surinamese. That is, Surinamese people are mixed with other races by Indians or descendants of Indians, and European immigrants or descendants of Europeans are mixed with other races. In Trinidad, there are also two major ethnic groups: blacks and Indians. That is, blacks and mulattoes, as well as descendants of India and Indonesia and their mixed-race descendants. Among Guyanese, there are English-speaking European Guyanese (locally known as Creoles), Indian immigrants and their mixed-race descendants with other races. Among Belizeans, apart from a few whites, there are a number of Spanish-speaking Indians and Spaniards, as well as blacks and Britons. *** 14. Its population accounts for about 83% of the total population of 33 emerging ethnic groups. 65,438+04 emerging ethnic groups are Mexicans, Nicaraguans, Guatemalans, Salvadorans, Panamanians, Dominicans, Hondurans, Colombians, Venezuelans, Peruvians, Bolivians, Ecuadoreans, Chileans and Paraguayans.