Grammar of Siyi Dialect

Nouns: Nouns in Siyi dialect are different from those in Mandarin, and adjectives indicating animals are put before animal names, which is the same as most ethnic minorities in the south. For example: cows, dogs, chickens. In addition, the prefixes and suffixes of nouns in Siyi dialect have the following forms: "A" is often used as the prefixes of nouns and relatives, and "A" is more active in Siyi dialect than in Guangzhou dialect. For example: Abreu (uncle), Eminem (aunt), Abai (great-grandmother). There are four main uses of "Lao". One is used for ranking, such as: the eldest brother and the second child; First, it is used before noun morphemes, such as: big momma, old cousin; Used before the surname, with respect. For example: Lao Chen, Lao Deng. Used as an industry title, for example, boss. There are three main uses of "Gong". One is as a male suffix, which is relatively rare and in the process of dilution. One is used for male animals, such as cocks and geese. First of all, it is used for some body names, such as hands (thumbs) and feet (toes). "Turtle" is also used as a suffix to indicate gender, which can only be used to indicate the gender of animals, but not for people, such as bulls (bulls) and dogs (male dogs). There are three main uses of "Lao". First, as the suffix of adult men, it is often used in occupation-related titles, and occasionally there is disrespect, such as plowman and clay figurine. One is a suffix unique to men, such as hunchback guy and bald guy. A man from a certain place has a derogatory meaning, such as: ghost, Yankee. "Po", as opposed to "Lao", has a broader meaning, which can refer to both female animals (including birds and beasts) and adult women, with contempt. For example: cook, ghost, hen. "Yi", also a suffix of female animals, is occasionally used in people, but it has a derogatory meaning. For example: cows, women and dogs. "Zi", located after nouns, generally refers to men and also refers to human characteristics, similar to "Zi" and "Er" in Mandarin. For example: wage earners, rotten children (hooligans), knives (knives), ears (ears), potatoes (potatoes). The original meaning of "head" is "brain", which is extended to "one end of a slender object", such as a thread head, a foot head and a cutter head. Referred suffixes, such as: head (inside), eyebrow (forehead), and some emotional referred suffixes, such as: kowtowing (swearing). It is also used as a suffix for place names, making them proper nouns. Pronouns: personal pronouns: personal pronouns in Siyi dialect are singular and plural, and the first person calls me; The second person calls you; The third person called it a canal. Different from Guangzhou dialect, the plural number of Siyi dialect is expressed by adding the suffix "tei" to the singular form, and the plural number of Siyi dialect mostly adopts the phonetic inflectional form within syllables. Some of them are inflected with vowels and vowels, and the middle singular number is changed to k-tail low-key, in which the second and third person main vowels are changed to a (with an I in the middle); Some use tone sandhi to express; Some Jin dialects are inflected by vowels and expressed by tone sandhi. Place the first person, second person, third person, singular, plural, singular, plural, Xinhui, Doumen NGO 23 ngok21nei23 niak21khui23 khiak21 NGO 22 ngok 55 nek 55 khui 22 hok 55 Jiangmen ngai 23 ngok 21tei 31lei 23 liok 0 khui 23 khi ok21tei 31 Guzhen Ngai 23 Ngai 35 Nei23 Nei35 K23 Khe 35 Taishan ngoi 33 ngoi 21nei 33 niak 21khui 33 khiak 21duanfen ngo 33 ngo21ni33 niak 265438. 5438+0khui33khiak2 1 Kaiping Ngoi 33Ngoi 21Nei33Niak21Khui33Khiak21Chishui Ngoi 33Ngoi 21 khui 33 Khiak 2 1 5438+0 ni 33 Nik 2 1 ni 33 niko 2 1k hui 33 khiok22 ngai 2 1 ni22 ni 2 1 ky 22ky 2 12。 The possessive form of personal pronouns in Siyi dialect is different from that in Mandarin. Pronoun+ge (sound ko or ka) is used to mean "de" in Mandarin. There is no Cantonese pronoun suffix "Mo" in Siyi dialect. Taishan, Kaiping and Enping use another suffix "Renniak" to mean "Renjia", and Nyak in Taishan dialect sometimes uses "Renniak". The new conversation does not have the above two points, but uses "home" or "person" as a general term. New Dialogue Ren Jia, Ren 2 15 Taishan dialect Nik5 Kaiping dialect niek5, Ren 1 15 Enping dialect nok5, Ren 2 15 Heshan dialect people 4. Demonstrative pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns in Siyi dialect have two ways: near reference and far reference. Use "this" or "a" nearby and "you" far away. "Ge" is equivalent to Mandarin.

"This" and "you" are equivalent to "that" in Mandarin. As for the demonstrative pronouns expressing the mode of action, Siyi dialect uses "the sample" or "the sample" and "the sample", which are roughly equivalent to "this" and "that" in Mandarin. Except for Doumen, most of them are far and near. The following are reading methods in different places. Venue: this, that, this, that, that, new meeting: khui2 1.

Ning 22

Youkui 22 Jiong 35

Samples Ning 22, Qiong 35 and Hu 35

Youyang Doumen kho2 1

Jacky Ge 22

Khou35khou35 Jiangmen kh? t2 1

Ling 22

Operation kh? t55 joeng3 1

Sample length is 22 joeng3 1

Taishan khoi2 1 Ning 2 1, khong2 1 khau2 1 Jiang 35 Ning 22 Jiang 35, khong2 1 Jiang 35 Kaiping khoi2 1 Ning 265438.

You kho2 1 Jiang 35 sample Ning 22 Jiang 35 sample Enping kha3 1 Ning 3 1.

You kha 3 1 Jiong 35 samples ning 3 1 Jiong 35 You sample Heshan Khai 2 1 this Kan 35。

Rudder Zhan 35 Kang 35 Zhong 35, base 55 Zhan 55 5. Pronouns of time: In Siyi dialect, the demonstrative phrase of time consists of demonstrative pronouns and ten time nouns, among which time nouns mostly appear in the form of tone sandhi. At this time, the Putonghua will be 1 15, 15 Taishan, Kaiping time 1 15 dragon time15 enping time 2 15 dragon time 2/kloc. Interrogative pronouns: who, what, where, how, how much, when will new people speak Mandarin? Who's free? How many times do you know geometry? What, who, who and who are idle in Enping dialect? How many times do you know which photo? Verbs: Siyi dialect is rich in verbs with profound and vivid meanings. Example: "flap" means flap, and "flap" means uncover. Siyi dialect does not need to change the verb itself to express the difference of tense, just add some affixes. Example: "Where has the Canal been?" . In addition, the usage of verbs in Siyi dialect is somewhat different from that in Mandarin. For example, the verb overlapping "VV Xia" structure (look down, come down); However, the expressions "V buried and V buried" such as "save and bury" indicate repetitive actions, and retain the overlapping forms of early Cantonese. Adjectives: Adjectives in Siyi dialect will use tone sandhi to strengthen or weaken the semantic degree. Example: salty (very salty), "salty" (a little salty). The forms of adjectives in Siyi dialect are as follows. (c stands for adjective)

(1)AC style: black hair; CCV type: walk slowly; Attachment type: black ink

(2)AB-AABB: Wolf Busy-Wolf Busy; AB-ABAB: The characteristics of ABAB are closely related to Min dialect. This kind of overlap is the bottom of Fujian dialect and a language phenomenon brought by early Fujian immigrants. Modal words: There are abundant modal words in Siyi dialect to strengthen the expressive force of sentences and express different moods more simply and directly. The following are modal particles in Siyi dialect:

(1). "Luo" is a declarative modal particle, which can be used in both positive and negative sentences. "Luo" is mainly used to ease the tone and make the sentence more euphemistic, without the feeling of persuasion and oppression. For example, I fell into the water to pick up my shirt!

(2) "La" is a declarative modal particle, which is used in affirmative sentences to express a tone that is quite positive about the facts. For example, Qu and his wife have been married for a long time.

(3) "Bo" is a positive modal particle, which is located at the end of the sentence. How old are you? Shh. You are so clever. )

(4). "Ge" is a modal particle with emphasis, which is located at the end of the sentence. For example, if you really have an A, you can do it. )

(5) "You" is an indicative and reminding modal particle, which is located at the beginning of the sentence. For example: well, you.

(6) "er-ah" is a compound modal particle. Read [tsi] here, at the end of the sentence, with contempt and negation. For example, baa baa knowledge? What? I just learned it. Is it great? )

(7). "Zha" is a modal particle that emphasizes a small number and is often used for rhetorical questions. For example, how about three people this time? (There are so few three people coming this time? )

(8). "Yao" is an interrogative modal particle, which expresses doubt and is sometimes used for backchat. For example, doesn't mother Qu know now? (His mother doesn't know the truth yet? )

(9) "Estimate" is a modal particle expressing conjecture, which is equivalent to "Right?" Use mandarin. . For example, don't estimate? A: Really? ) Physical auxiliary words:

(1). Perfect aspect, reply aspect: The auxiliary word "Zou" [tso] used to express the perfect aspect in Guangzhou dialect, and its orthographic method is "zhe". The knowledge group of Siyi dialect retains the pronunciation of the terminal group. Because the initial consonant has been lost many times on the tip of the tongue, it will be pronounced as zero initial e or a, for example, I am cold (just after taking a shower) and wait for me to eat cold (let me eat after taking a shower). )

(2) Progressive aspect and persistent aspect: auxiliary words indicating that the action is in progress, used together with "compact", indicate that a certain state and action have been maintained for a long time, and emphasize the continuation of the state. I am short of food. I'm eating. ) I tighten the web page. I made a web page. )

(3) Stable body: emphasizing the stability of action and state, represented by "stalk". For example: the location of the canal. (He is sitting there. )

(4). Initial body: indicates that actions and traits have begun, emphasizing the results brought by the appearance of actions and traits. Use "get up" to indicate. For example, when you get up, you hit the board everywhere. When you are unlucky, you will encounter difficulties everywhere. )

(5) Continuation: emphasize that actions and characters will continue without interruption after they start. The initial aspect and the initial aspect are semantically related, but the emphasis is different. Siyi dialect is represented by "Jin". I have always been strict with what I should do. I've been working here. )

(6) Accidental encounter: The auxiliary word "pro" is used to express the encounter in Cantonese, indicating that the action leads to some negative result or influence, while the encounter in Siyi dialect is not yet mature, so it is replaced by "live" or "tight". For example: where did you call? ; I hit the edge, um (where did I hit it? )

(7) Subtraction: It is a special aspect of Siyi dialect, which is not found in Guangzhou dialect. Its grammatical meaning is "the result of subtraction due to the disappearance of action or time" I don't want to lose a cow. My cow is missing. ) Adverb Adverb of Time: The adverb of time in Siyi dialect is obviously different from that in Guangzhou dialect in word form and usage, as follows: "Huan" is equivalent to "zhong" in Guangzhou dialect. Not yet. (I don't understand. ) "first" and "arrive": equivalent to "arrive first" in Guangzhou dialect. For example, get the article first/later. (just these pieces. ) "first" and "arrive" are not ellipsis of "first come", but the predecessor of "first come". It is the early level of retaining Cantonese in Siyi dialect. "Go back": This word is unique to Kaiping dialect, equivalent to "one day" in Guangzhou dialect, with a reproachful tone. For example, it is your fault to go back! It's always because you are not good! "Always", "That's it" and "Qi Yi" are equivalent to "Don't slip away" in Guangzhou dialect. "Ba Shuang": This word is unique to Taishan dialect, which is equivalent to "Ba Xian" and "Ba Ba" in Guangzhou dialect. Adverbs of Degree: The characteristic adverbs of degree in Siyi dialect are as follows: "Real guy": equivalent to "earnest" in Guangzhou dialect, indicating the degree. For example, if the shirt is ten words first, the real guy is flat. This dress is only ten yuan, which is really cheap. ) Dianjian: Kaiping dialect has a unique adverb of degree, which means "quite, very". For example, you should go there this time. Is it cool? Sharp and cool! Did you have fun this time? Very happy! ) "Chuan … Chuan": Taishan dialect and Kaiping dialect have a degree adverb "Chuan … Chuan", which connects the two predicate components, equivalent to "Yue … Yue" and "Chuan" reading [tson]. For example, the pipeline transport fan transports the excitation gas. The more he thinks about it, the angrier he gets. "Zui": the adverb with the highest degree of expression. Guangzhou dialect can use both "zhi" and "zui", but it is mostly used in spoken language. Siyi dialect generally only uses "Zui" instead of "Zhi". Scope adverb "Yi": Enping dialect has an adverb "Yi" that expresses scope, which is equivalent to "together" in Guangzhou dialect. "De 'ah": Taishan dialect has an adverb with a small quantity or scope, which is equivalent to the "pure system" of Guangzhou dialect. For example, no meat to eat. Only vegetables, no meat at all. ) modal adverb "formal": equivalent to "justice" and "ambition" in Guangzhou dialect. "whole thing": an adverb of mood expressing rhetorical question, which is equivalent to "left?" . "Unknown" and "disbelief": it means "disbelief", which is equivalent to "don't understand" in Guangzhou dialect, indicating the tone of proposal, and can also be used for backchat. For example, I don't know/believe that you don't understand? Don't you understand? Modal adverb "Yiqi": it is equivalent to "Yiqi" in Guangzhou dialect, which describes doing things without interruption. "Luanzi (Shi) estimation" is a modal adverb used to describe carelessness and outspoken in Taishan dialect and Enping dialect, which is equivalent to "Luanwan" in Guangzhou dialect. "Xing Te", "Qing Te" and "Xian Te" are equivalent to "Te Deng" and "Zhu Deng" in Guangzhou dialect. preposition

About location: "Xiang" is equivalent to the "department" of Guangzhou dialect. Where are you going? Where are you? )

About the way: "begging" is equivalent to "begging" in Guangzhou dialect. For example, ask for a bag to come in and out. Take a bag and put it in. )

On the object of action: "Wen" and "Shout" are equivalent to "Tong" in Guangzhou dialect. For example, who borrowed this book from you? Who did you borrow this book from? )

On passivity: "Fu" is equivalent to "Bei" in Mandarin. For example, the people in the ditch, er, minus five thousand words. He was cheated of five thousand dollars. ) conjunction

"Huan family": equivalent to "Ding" and "Ding family" in Guangzhou dialect. For example, going to Xinhui or Taishan? Will you go to Xinhui or Mount Tai? )

"Once … Once": It is equivalent to "or … or" in Guangzhou dialect.

Wei is equivalent to Wei in Guangzhou dialect. "X Wu" repeated questions: Xinhui and Enping dialects have a format of "adjective+Wu" to form repeated questions, and sentences end with negative words. Smell the flowers? Come and smell this flower. Is it fragrant? This format of Guangzhou dialect is the grammatical bottom of Fujian dialect, which retains the grammatical features of ancient Chinese, because the negative adverb "Wu" in ancient Chinese can form repeated questions at the end of the sentence, which means both negation and interrogative tone. This word order is used in Minnan dialect. Existential sentence: The word order of the four-meaning existential sentence is the same as that of Guangzhou dialect, but the expression and function of sentence components are different, such as a cat sitting on a stool. There is a cat sitting on the stool. Siyi dialect must use the word "Zhang" to indicate the position, or directly attach the position demonstrative pronoun (Yes, this), while Guangzhou dialect only needs to use "ten degrees of the position noun" to indicate this property; Taishan and Kaiping dialects also need to use the aspect auxiliary word "yi" (equivalent to "ju" in Guangzhou dialect) to express the continuation of the state, while Guangzhou dialect generally does not need to add the aspect auxiliary word, because "Chu/Xiang" in Guangzhou dialect has the function of indicating the progress or continuation of the action. In addition, it can also be used to indicate the disappearance of phenomena, which is also an existential sentence. Compound sentence: You don't need compound sentence, who is awkward in Guangzhou dialect, for example, to listen. I know. ) negative sentence: it means the objective negation of the action. Cantonese uses the form of "you+verb", such as "I didn't go" (I didn't go), and "I haven't gone yet" (which continues to this day) is said to be "I didn't go". The expression of Siyi dialect is different from that of Guangzhou dialect, such as "I didn't go." As for "he hasn't left yet", Siyi usually says "Qu hasn't left yet", which means that a "Wei" in Siyi dialect covers the grammatical functions of "nothing" and "Wei" in Guangzhou dialect.