Historians come in and explain the terms! ! !

Prison of Avignon: During the period of Louis IX (1226-1230), the king implemented judicial, monetary and military reforms, which promoted economic unification and strengthened the power of the central government. By the time of Philip IV (1285-1314), the royal power continued to strengthen. In order to seize the attached city of Ilande, Philip IV implemented a war policy and often felt financial difficulties. He levied taxes on French clergy, thus conflicting with the Holy See. Pope Boniface VIII died during the fierce political and religious struggle, and the new Pope Clement V was elected under direct pressure from the King of France. From this time, the Holy See moved to the French city of Avignon, where the General stayed for seventy years (1308-1378), known as the "Prison of Avignon" in history.

The fief system: a land tenure system implemented in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It was first implemented by Charles Martel when he was the Prime Minister of the Frankish Kingdom (around 735), and the land and local farmers were enfeoffed to meritorious people as fiefs on condition of cavalry service for life-long enjoyment. However, It cannot be hereditary. The form of the fief system was very helpful in improving the country's combat effectiveness, and a feudal hierarchy was gradually formed through the fief system.

Demo: Democritus (about 160 BC ~ About 370 BC), an ancient Greek materialist and philosopher who played an important role in the development of atomism. According to research, his works cover almost all sectors of human knowledge, but only a few hundred fragments have been handed down to this day.

Caste system: A social class or group system that strictly differentiates among Hindu residents in South Asian countries, mainly India. The Sanskrit word is Varna, which means color, species, and quality. In the ancient Chinese translations of Buddhist scriptures or the works of eminent monks traveling in India, they were called castes or clan surnames. It has now been gradually abolished. But it still exists among some ethnic groups.

The Five Good Works: also known as the Five Good Works, is the general name for the five basic lessons of Islam. Also known as "Five Mandates of Heaven" and "Five Constants". The free translation of the Arabic "Alkan Hemsah", Islamic law stipulates that the "Five Pillars" are the sacred obligations and meritorious system that Muslims must perform. It is the cornerstone of the practice of basic beliefs and aims to maintain and strengthen Muslims. religious beliefs and feelings, expressing devotion and reverence for Allah, and achieving oneness with God through meritorious practices.

Military democracy: refers to the organizational structure of tribes and their alliances in the Homeric Era (Heroic Age) of ancient Greece. It includes the Council, composed of clan elders; the People's Assembly, composed of the adult men of the clan; and its military chief, the "Basselus", who does not yet enjoy the power of a king in a class society. The ancient Romans, Germans, Scythians, etc. generally experienced military democracy. In history, it is sometimes used to refer to a stage of transition from primitive society to class society.

Code of Hammurabi: Hammurabi, the sixth king of the ancient Babylonian Kingdom, reigned from about 1792 to 1750 BC. He is famous for his historical activities of unifying the two river basins and promulgating codes. Domestically, measures were taken to ease class conflicts, strengthen royal power and develop the economy, suppress debt slavery, and provide a relatively stable rear for long-term military deployment abroad. This contributed to the country's prosperity, and the city of Babylon became the largest political, economic, and cultural center in West Asia.

Justinian Code: On February 13, 526 AD, Emperor Justinian issued an edict appointing Tribonius to organize a committee of 10 jurists, chairman By John, the ex-praetor of the "Holy Court". The committee has the power to use all existing materials, and can add, delete, and revise these edicts, and then label these edicts with the name of the emperor who issued them, as well as the objects and dates of implementation, and then classify them according to their content and arrange them in chronological order. This "Collection of Edicts" was promulgated and implemented in 529 AD, which is also known as the "Justinian Code". In 534, the Code of Justinian was revised and promulgated again. The "Justinian Code" clearly declares that the imperial power is unlimited, safeguards the interests of the church, and consolidates the dominance of slave owners; the code requires that "everyone should be law-abiding", otherwise, severe sanctions will be imposed in accordance with the law; the code also particularly emphasizes that slaves must obey orders His master's arrangement did not allow any resistance, in order to achieve the purpose of consolidating the imperial power, and used this code to serve his rule of saving slavery. Although the "Justinian Code" retains the slave law, it cancels the part where parents can sell their children as slaves to compensate for their offenses against others; the code affirms women's right to inherit inheritance; the code emphasizes the ideological dominance of Christianity and establishes It established the principle of divine right of kings, and stipulated in detail all aspects of Christian life, emphasized the policy of forced conversion to Christianity and suppression of pagans, even stipulated the size and life rules of churches and monasteries, and strengthened the rule of slave farmers. ; The code also used many articles to strictly stipulate that slaves and slave farmers must unconditionally obey their masters, and those who disobeyed would be punished with heavy fines or even death. It was only because of the resistance struggle of slave farmers that provisions for the release of slaves had to be written.

The origins of the four ancient civilizations: ancient Egypt, ancient India, ancient China, ancient Babylon, and the ancient Egyptian civilization refers to the tower from the first waterfall of the Nile River to the delta area, with a time limit of 5000 BC. The history of Egypt extends from the Sasanian culture to the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641 AD.

The ancient Indian civilization was the culture of ancient India from the 25th century BC to the 5th century AD

The ancient Babylonian civilization was the Mesopotamian civilization from 4000 BC to 2250 BC. Heyday

Ancient Chinese civilization was the Xia Dynasty (about 2070 BC - about 1600 BC), the first dynasty recorded in Chinese history books.

There are five places where civilization first appeared in the world, namely: the first waterfall of the Nile River in Egypt to the delta area, Mesopotamia, the Indus River Basin, the Yellow River Basin, and Crete in Greece island. The earliest of them were Egypt and Mesopotamia

The Kingdom of Babylon: also known as the Kingdom of Ancient Babylon. A slave country in the ancient Mesopotamia. About 1894 BC, the Amorites, a group of Semites, established the city of Babylon after occupying the city on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Euphrates River. During the reign of the sixth king Hammurabi (approximately 1792-1750 BC), he conquered the central and southern areas of the Mesopotamia (later called Babylonia) and became so powerful that he promulgated the Code of Hammurabi. It was destroyed by the Hittite Kingdom in 1595 BC.

Pepin’s donation of soil: From the 7th century to the first half of the 8th century AD, there were three forces on the Italian peninsula: the Eastern Roman Empire, the Lombards and the Pope. In 751, Lombard invaded the Viceroyalty of Ravenna, Italy, which was controlled by the Roman Empire in the Middle East, directly threatening the Roman Principality ruled by the Pope. At this time, the Eastern Roman Empire was focused on the East and far away from Rome, and was unable to provide protection for the Pope. As a result, the Pope had to seek support from the "barbarian" countries. He turned to the relatively powerful Frankish Kingdom at the time and requested a political and religious alliance with the Frankish Kingdom. In 754 AD, the Lombards invaded Rome and threatened the papal territory. The pope went to Frankland to ask for help from Pepin. Pepin went out to welcome the Pope at Pontion, allowing the Pope to ride a horse and walk on foot. The Pope gave Pepin the title of "Roman Noble", making the Carolingian monarch a military supporter of the Roman Pope. In June 756 AD, King Pepin of the Franks responded to the Pope's request and sent troops to conquer the Lombards, and transferred the land recaptured from the Lombards - the city of Rome and the former Eastern Roman Empire's Viceroyalty of Ravenna in Italy. Under the jurisdiction of the Pope, this is what is called "Pepin's Dedication" in the history of the church.

The Hundred Years War between England and France: The Hundred Years War refers to the war between Britain and France, and later Burgundy, between 1337 and 1453. It is the longest war in the world and lasted intermittently for 116 years. .

The Crusades: The Crusades are the collective name for eight religious military campaigns that took place from 1096 to 1291. They were wars launched by Western European Christian countries against countries on the east coast of the Mediterranean.

City guilds: Due to the development of commerce and handicraft industry in the European Middle Ages, while the ancient village communes declined, starting from the 9th century AD, a new kind of guild gradually emerged in free cities and seaside places. United organizations - guilds. A guild is an organization established to protect the interests of the industry and help each other, limit internal and external competition, stipulate business scope, ensure business stability, and solve the difficulties of owners.

Military district system reform: a reform started by the Heraclius dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-seventh century. The specific contents are:

1. Transplant the military region system implemented in North Africa and Italy to the East. Set up a number of military regions, replace provinces with military regions, integrate military and political affairs, and be ruled by generals in charge of military affairs. In fact, it is implemented for the whole country. Military control;

⒉ Establish a military garrison system, free peasants were incorporated into the army and allocated hereditary land, serving as both soldiers and farmers. They paid taxes but did not perform labor service;

⒊ The upper echelons of the army were enfeoffed with land to form a military feudal aristocracy, which not only served as the pillar of the empire's class, but also strengthened the empire's military strength. The reform of the military district system greatly strengthened the empire's economic and military strength, allowing the empire to continue to exist.

Summary of the group of books: An important work during the Byzantine Macedonian dynasty. Its author was Photius.