Prospects and countermeasures of oil shale development and utilization at home and abroad

(Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037)

I. Characteristics of oil shale

Oil shale is a kind of fine-grained sedimentary rock with rich organic matter, fine bedding and combustibility. Most organic matter in oil shale is an oil-forming substance insoluble in common organic solvents, commonly known as "oil mother". Therefore, oil shale is also called "oil shale".

Oil shale is an energy mineral and belongs to low calorific value solid fossil fuel. Generally speaking, the oil shale that can produce more than 0.25 barrels (0.034 tons) of shale oil per ton is called "oil shale mine" internationally, or the oil shale with an oil yield higher than 4% is called a mine. In the past, China defined oil shale with oil content above 5% as rich ore and calculated its reserves. Oil shale with oil content less than 5% is classified as lean ore and reserves are not calculated; There are also oil shale whose oil production rate is lower than 6% and higher than 10%.

Geological characteristics of (1) oil shale

The appearance of oil shale is light gray to dark brown, mostly brown; Bedding is very good; The relative density is 1.4 ~ 2.7 tons/m3.

The main components of oil shale are organic matter, minerals and water. The content of oil shale is about 10% ~ 50%. Kerogen is composed of complex macromolecular organic compounds, rich in aliphatic hydrocarbon structure and less in aromatic hydrocarbon structure. Organic compounds are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen and a small amount of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The hydrogen-carbon ratio (H:C) is 1.25 ~ 1.75, which is higher than the H:C ratio of coal organic matter. When the content of oil parent is high and the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is high, the oil yield of oil shale is high. The minerals in oil shale include quartz, kaolin, clay, mica, carbonate rock and pyrite, but mainly clay minerals. Minerals in oil shale are often mixed evenly and finely with organic matter, and the mineral content is usually higher than that of organic matter. When oil shale contains a lot of clay minerals, it often forms obvious schistosity. Water content is related to the micropore structure between mineral particles, and oil shale contains 4% ~ 25% water.

The ratio of organic matter to minerals in commercial oil shale is about 0.75: 5 ~ 1.5: 5, which is lower than that in coal. The ratio in coal is usually greater than 4.75:5.

(2) Genetic types of oil shale

According to the sedimentary environment, oil shale can be divided into three basic genetic types: continental, lacustrine and marine. The organic matter in continental oil shale is composed of fat-rich organic matter, mainly including resin, spores, waxy epidermis and root soft tissue of common terrestrial plants in coal-forming wetlands or swamps. After burial, they are coalified to form organic matter in oil shale. Therefore, this oil shale is also a sapropelic coal with high mineral content. The organic matter parent material in lacustrine oil shale mainly refers to the lower phytoplankton living in fresh water, salt water and salt lake, and the organic matter in oil shale is formed after algae are buried and decomposed and coalified. The organic parent materials in marine oil shale are mainly algae, unknown single-celled microorganisms and marine flagellates. The sedimentary environment of oil shale is very extensive, so oil shale has many kinds of organic matter and minerals.

Second, the utilization of oil shale.

Oil shale can not only extract all kinds of fuel oil, but also extract all kinds of synthetic gas and chemical raw materials, and the by-products can also be used as building materials such as brick making and cement. To sum up, oil shale has three main uses.

1. Preparation of shale oil and related products by dry distillation

If oil shale is crushed and heated to about 500℃, shale oil can be obtained. China often refers to shale oil as artificial oil. Generally speaking, 1 ton of oil shale can extract 38 ~ 378 liters (equivalent to 0.3 ~ 3.2 barrels) of shale oil. After hydrocracking and refining shale oil, chemical products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, paraffin wax and stone tar can be obtained.

2. Used as fuel for power generation, heating and transportation.

First, it is used to generate electricity. There are two forms of using oil shale to generate electricity. One is to directly use oil shale as boiler fuel to generate steam to generate electricity. The other is the low-temperature dry distillation of oil shale to produce gas fuel, which is then transported to an internal combustion engine for combustion and power generation. At present, the former form is widely used. Secondly, oil shale can be used for heating. From 2001to 2002, Estonia's income from using oil shale to generate electricity and provide heating for residents and industries accounted for 76% and 14% of the national tax revenue respectively, which was of great significance to its national economy. Third, oil shale combustion can be used to drive engines for long-distance transportation.

Production of building materials, cement and fertilizers

As a by-product, shale ash from oil shale retorting combustion is mainly used to produce building materials such as cement and bricks. In Germany, 300,000 tons of oil shale are used for cement production every year. In China, the semi-coke ash produced by dry distillation and combustion of oil shale is used to make building materials such as blocks, bricks, cement and ceramsite.

In addition, oil shale can also be directly used to produce organic fertilizer. For example, Huiyuan Industrial Development Corporation of Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, China plans to invest100,000 yuan, make use of the existing oil shale resources in zhina, and carry out technical transformation on the basis of the original 50,000-ton phosphate fertilizer production line to build an organic compound fertilizer production line with an annual output of 50,000 tons of oil shale.

Different countries have different uses for oil shale. In Estonia, oil shale is mainly used for power generation and shale oil refining; In Brazil, oil shale is mainly used as transportation fuel; In Germany, oil shale is mainly used to make cement and building materials; In China and Australia, oil shale is mainly used for refining shale oil and as fuel; In Russia and Israel, oil shale is mainly used for power generation.

Three. Global distribution, development and utilization of oil shale

(A) the global distribution of oil shale

Incomplete statistics show that the global oil shale reserves are huge, estimated at 65.438+trillion tons, 40% more than 7 trillion tons of coal resources. Table 1 Statistics the shale oil resources contained in the main oil shale deposits in the world. It can be seen that the global oil shale was produced from CAMBRIAN to Tertiary, mainly distributed in 9 countries, such as the United States, Zaire, Brazil, Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Australia, China and Canada. At present, only some oil shale deposits in the United States, Australia, Sweden, Estonia, Jordan, France, Germany, Brazil and Russia have been explored and evaluated in detail. The resource potential of many other mineral deposits needs to be further proved. If we consider that the data of some countries are not fully collected and the resources of some mineral deposits are not fully investigated and evaluated, the total global shale oil resources are about 2.6 trillion barrels or 366.2 billion tons. It is also estimated to be 4 1 1 ton or 422.5 billion tons. In any case, the oil content of global oil shale is about 50% higher than that of traditional oil resources of 27 1 100 million tons (IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2002).

Table 1 shale oil resources in world oil shale (Matthews 1983)

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Note: The data of China in the table are proved reserves, and the proved and predicted reserves are 205.8 billion barrels.

It should be pointed out that the total amount of shale oil in the global recoverable oil shale resources may be much smaller than estimated. Some people estimate that it is only 28.2 billion tons. This is because the actual amount of available resources is affected by some factors. For example, some mineral deposits are too deep to be exploited economically; The land use on the ground also restricts the development of some oil shale deposits to a great extent, especially those cities with high industrialization.

(II) Current situation of global oil shale development and utilization

The development and utilization of oil shale can be traced back to17th century. By the19th century, the annual output of oil shale has reached one million tons, and oil shale can already produce kerosene, lamp oil, paraffin, fuel oil, lubricating oil, grease, naphtha, lighting gas, chemical fertilizer and ammonium sulfate. By the beginning of the 20th century, due to the appearance of cars and trucks, oil shale was widely used as transportation fuel. It was not until 1966 that oil shale, as the main mineral energy, withdrew from the historical stage because of the massive exploitation and utilization of crude oil. However, oil shale is now more widely used. The utilization of oil shale in Estonia, Brazil, China, Israel, Australia, Germany and other countries has expanded to power generation, heating, shale oil refining, cement manufacturing, chemical production, building materials synthesis and soil fertilizer development.

Countries with high oil shale production mainly include Estonia, Russian Federation, Brazil, China and German. Statistics show that the world oil shale production has experienced two peak periods (see figure 1). The second peak was at 1980, and the output reached the historical peak of 45.4 million tons. Since then, the output has basically declined all the way. By 2000, the output was only160,000 tons.

At present, the global oil shale is mainly used for power generation and heating. According to statistics, in 2000, 69% of the oil shale mined in the world was used for power generation and heating, 25% for refining high-yield shale oil and related products, and 6% for producing cement and other purposes.

Estonia is the country with the highest degree of exploitation and utilization of oil shale in the world. In 2002, Estonia's oil shale output reached12.3 million tons, accounting for about 75% of the world's output. In 2000, the global annual output of shale oil was about 500,000 tons, and that of Estonia was 238,000 tons, accounting for 47% of the world output. Estonia has four oil shale power plants with an installed capacity of 2967MW, which is also the largest oil shale power plant in the world.

Figure 1 1888 ~ 2000 Oil shale production in Estonia, Russia, Brazil, China and Germany (million tons).

Other countries that use oil shale to produce shale oil include Brazil, China and Australia. Brazil produces 1999 tons of shale oil; China 200 1 produces 80,000 tons of shale oil; Australia's annual output of shale oil in 200/kloc-0 is 28,000 tons, which rose to 60,000 tons in 2002.

Other countries that use oil shale to generate electricity are China, Israeli and German. The total installed capacity of China's oil shale power plant is 24mw；; The scale of oil shale power plant in Israel is12.5 MW; ; The scale of German oil shale power plant is 9.9MW.

With the progress of development and utilization technology and the enhancement of environmental awareness, all countries in the world tend to make full use of oil shale resources. At present, the utilization of oil shale has become more complicated and diversified. For example, in a factory named DRZ in Germany, oil shale is not only used as power for power generation, but also used as fuel and raw material for slag bricks to produce cement, soil or rock stabilizers, fillers and sealing materials. Excess electricity can also be sold to the public power grid.

Four. Distribution, development and utilization of oil shale in China

(A) the distribution of oil shale in China

China is rich in oil shale resources, which are produced from Carboniferous to Tertiary, but mainly produced in Tertiary. The oil shale resources in China have not been fully investigated, and there is no more accurate data that can reflect the whole picture of resources, and all kinds of data are very different. According to the data in Table 2, the in-table oil shale reserves of 3165438+700 million tons with oil content greater than 5% announced by the Ministry of Geology in 1980 are credible, and Fushun Petroleum Research Institute's prediction of oil shale reserves of 452 billion tons is well-founded, with a total of 48365438+700 million tons.

Table 2 Summary of Oil Shale Resources Forecast in China

The oil content of oil shale in China is generally above 5%, mostly around 6%. If the oil content is 6%, the prospective geological reserves of shale oil in China will reach 28.99 billion tons. The proven reserves are converted into shale oil, with at least 6,543.8+0.87 billion tons. According to the empirical data of Fushun No.1 and No.2 Oil Plants, for every 33 ~ 35 tons of oil shale produced 1 ton of shale oil, the proven oil shale reserves are 3165438+700 million tons, and the oil can be produced 9170,000 tons. The predicted reserves are 452 billion tons, and the oil production is 654.38+0.329 billion tons, totaling 654.38+0.42 billion tons. Oil shale is widely distributed in China, but unevenly distributed, mainly in nine provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Shanxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Guangdong and Xinjiang. Due to the low degree of exploration, only 14 provinces (regions) have calculated the proven reserves, among which Jilin, Liaoning and Guangdong have more reserves, accounting for more than 90% of the national proven reserves. 2 1 province (autonomous region) has made reserves prediction, and Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Shanxi, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces have large reserves (see Table 3).

Table 3 Oil shale resources in some provinces of China Unit: 100 million tons.

1. Jilin Province

Jilin Province is rich in oil shale resources, equivalent to 654.38+000 billion tons of oil, distributed in Permian-Tertiary. Among them, the prospective resources of tertiary and Cretaceous oil shale reach 20.905 billion tons.

The total geological reserves of oil shale in Jilin Province are 49.9 billion tons. There are 7 deposits listed in the reserves table, with total reserves of17.45 billion tons, accounting for 55% of the national oil shale reserves, ranking first. Oil shale producing areas are relatively concentrated, mainly distributed in Nong 'an, Huadian and Luozigou.

Nongan oil shale resources are very rich. According to the survey of more than 7,000 square kilometers from Nong 'an to Denglouku, the reserves of the five major mineral deposits are 65.438+06.89 billion tons, accounting for 97% of the province's reserves, accounting for more than half of the country's proven reserves, with huge resource advantages. Huadian city oil shale reserves are 3.06 billion tons. Luozigou oil shale in Wangqing County has a reserve of 60 square kilometers and a prospective reserve of 450 million tons. The proven reserve area is 19 km2, the reserve is1500,000 tons, and the average oil grade is 8% or more.

2. Guangdong

Guangdong Province is also rich in oil shale resources, with a total geological reserve of about10.32 billion tons. The proven reserves are 7.57 billion tons, ranking second in the country. Oil shale is mainly concentrated in Maoming, with proven reserves of 565,438+billion tons.

3. Liaoning Province

Oil shale is widely distributed in Liaoning Province, mainly in Fushun, Jinzhou, Fuxin, Huludao, Qinhuangdao and other cities, with a total geological reserve of 654.38+009 million tons. The proven reserves are 3.7 billion tons. The oil shale reserves in Wujiazi mining area of lingyuan city, Jinzhou are calculated as10.98 million tons according to the oil content of 4% or 4% ~ 25%.

4.Shanxi Province

The oil shale with industrial value in Shanxi Province is mainly formed in Carboniferous and Permian, and distributed in Paleozoic coal measures strata from Donghe in Puxian County to Sanjiaohe in Hongdong County and Yaozhuang in Baode County. The estimated reserves of oil shale in Shanxi Province are 43 billion tons, and the proven reserves are 65.438+0.47 billion tons. The reserves of D-class oil shale in Donghe mining area of Puxian County are 27,065,438+10,000 tons, with oil content of 6% ~ 8%. The sapropelic coal with 0.4 ~ 0.6m solid oil at the bottom has an oil content of 18% ~ 24%. The reserves of oil shale and oil-bearing coal in Sanjiaohe mining area of Hongtong County are 84.62 million tons, and the oil content is about 6%. In addition, Datong, Hunyuan and other places have also proved the storage of sapropelic mud.

5. Shaanxi

Oil shale is widely distributed in Shaanxi Province, including yijun county in Tongchuan City, Yongshou County in Xianyang City and Yanhe River Basin. Tongchuan is the majority, ranking first in the province.

(II) Present situation of oil shale development and utilization in China

The comprehensive development and utilization of oil shale in China was earlier, mainly in Jilin Province, Liaoning Province and Guangdong Province. As early as the early 1950s, China built an oil shale refinery in Maoming, Guangdong, and China's oil was mainly man-made shale oil. Because of the shortage of oil, there was a debate about whether to develop artificial oil or oil at that time. Later, Daqing Oilfield was discovered, and artificial oil gradually withdrew from the main position.

After half a century's development, the Oil Shale Mining Company of Guangdong Maoming Petroleum Company has a mining capacity of 750 cubic meters per year and rich dry distillation technology, and has made gratifying achievements in the comprehensive utilization of oil shale. For example, shale ash is used to make bricks and produce cement; Recovering and producing high-quality kaolin from waste sandy soil has formed an annual production capacity of 30 thousand tons of kaolin fine powder; Shale ash is used as admixture and filler for ceramsite, ceramic weaving and plastic products. During the period of 1996, Guangdong province tackled the scientific and technological problems of oil shale development and utilization, studied the application of oil shale power generation and combustion technology, and made overall planning for oil shale development and utilization in Maoming area. 200 1, Guangdong province began to pay attention to oil shale development and environmental protection in Maoming area, and the environmental protection bureau funded the project "Study on Ecological Restoration of Degraded Ecosystem in Oil Shale Waste Dump".

The development and utilization of oil shale in Jilin Province began at 1958. With the support of the state, Yanbian Petroleum Company established Luozigou Refinery in Wangqing County with a total investment of about 3 million yuan to produce 40 tons of shale oil. Due to the backward equipment at that time, 1960 was discontinued. From 65438 to 0993, Liaoning Huludao Longteng Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. plans to invest 800 million yuan to build an oil shale comprehensive development and utilization project in Luozigou. The project was completed in three stages from 2004 to 2007. After the completion of the project, the production scale of 3 million tons of ore, 200,000 tons of shale oil and 5,000 kilograms of rare and precious metals can be formed, and a 5000 kW/h waste heat power plant, oil shale comprehensive development and utilization research institute, cement plant, brick factory and rare and precious metal refining plant will be built.

1993 to 1996 With the joint efforts of the state, provincial and local governments, an oil shale demonstration power plant was established in huadian city, Jilin Province. 199 The annual power generation was 95 million kilowatts per hour, and the heating area reached 530,000 square meters. At present, the second phase of the project is under preparation. The overall goal is: annual output of oil shale is 360,000 tons, annual power generation is10.8 million kilowatts/hour, annual power supply is10.44 million kilowatts/hour, annual heating is 365,438+million Ji Jiao, and annual building materials output is 300,000 cubic meters. By 2005, the total installed capacity will reach 43,000 kilowatts, the annual power generation will be 275 million kilowatts/hour, the annual heating will be 365,438+million Ji Jiao, the total heating area will reach 654,380+0.5 million square meters, and the ash brick will reach 300,000 cubic meters (according to Jilin government network).

In addition, Huadian Thermal Power Plant is also actively attracting investment, with a total planned project capital of 4216900 USD. The project is expected to build an oil shale mining area with an annual output of 2.5 million tons; Use the extracted oil shale to build an oil refinery with an annual output of 200,000 tons of crude oil; Using refinery residue to build a 654.38+ million kilowatt semi-coke power plant; Using semi-coke ash from power plant to build building blocks, cement, ceramsite and other building materials products.

The comprehensive development and utilization of oil shale in Liaoning Province is also earlier. At present, Fushun is one of the large petroleum processing bases in China, which takes oil shale as raw material. In 2003, Liaoning Science and Technology Fund supported the project "Study on Efficient and Rational Utilization of Oil Shale", aiming at studying the new method of oil production from oil shale, its properties and deep processing, and the extraction of oil shale and waste polymer materials.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The prospect of global oil shale development and utilization

(A) the limitations of the current development and utilization of oil shale

The global oil shale is rich in resources, widely used, and developed and utilized earlier, but it is not valued by most countries. There are two main reasons for this.

1. Shale oil and oil shale have high production and power generation costs.

The greatest potential of oil shale is to refine shale oil. When the traditional oil supply is insufficient, shale oil is expected to become a substitute for oil; Or in those countries that lack or lack oil resources, shale oil can be used instead of oil to meet the needs of domestic construction, so as to reduce external dependence. But as far as the current technology is concerned, the cost of extracting shale oil from shale oil is higher than the cost of producing or buying petroleum and other fuel products. Estonia's experience in 2000 shows that only when the import price of crude oil is higher than US$ 25/barrel and the import price of heavy oil is higher than US$ 95/ton can shale oil be economically meaningful, and it is possible for shale oil to replace traditional oil and meet the world's demand for fossil energy.

The second potential use of oil shale is power generation. Estonia's experience in 2000 shows that it is economical to use oil shale to generate electricity only when the import price of coal is higher than 40 US dollars/ton and the import price of natural gas is higher than 3.5 US dollars/million British thermal units (MBTU).

2. Great pollution to the environment.

There are two kinds of oil shale mining methods: underground mining and open-pit mining. Whether underground mining or open-pit mining, it is necessary to lower the groundwater level below the oil shale layer, which will do harm to the cultivated land and forests near the mine. According to rough estimation, in order to obtain 1 m3 oil shale, it is generally necessary to pump out 25 m3 of groundwater. The extracted groundwater can only be discharged into the river after the solid particles in the water are precipitated. Systematic monitoring shows that mining water greatly increases the sulfate content in the ground, groundwater and lakes. In Brazil, the groundwater level and quality have long been disturbed by oil shale mining.

In addition to the completely burning fluidized bed furnace (Germany and Israel have mastered this technology), there are some traditional ways of burning oil shale to generate electricity. Grinding combustion has the disadvantages of low utilization rate, great pollution and great health hazard, and there are fine and inhalable dust in the discharged gas. These dusts contain toxic substances, which not only endanger the environment near the power plant, but also affect areas far away from the power plant. In addition, the heat, waste water and semi-coke released during shale oil production may also cause environmental problems.

In short, under the current technical conditions, there is great resistance to the utilization of oil shale. In the next few years, shale oil cannot replace crude oil and coal in the fossil fuel market.

(B) the global oil shale development and utilization prospects

Although there are limitations in the development and utilization of oil shale at present, if the future technology can keep up with the environmental requirements and meet the economic conditions, the prospect of oil shale development and utilization will be very bright. Australia and Estonia are very optimistic about the prospect of oil shale development and utilization, and both have made grand plans. Germany and Israel attach great importance to making full use of oil shale resources and protecting the environment, and have carried out a lot of research on comprehensive utilization of oil shale and mastered advanced technology.

At the "Global Oil Shale Utilization and Prospect" conference held in Tallinn, Estonia in June 5438+065438+ 10, 2002, 230 experts from 13 countries discussed that the oil shale production began to decrease in June 5438+0980, and the current development and utilization prospects of oil shale are promising. When traditional oil resources become scarce and less polluting and more efficient technologies are widely used, the output of oil shale will gradually increase in the short term (2006), the medium term (2020) and after 2020.

1.2006

In Estonia, due to the increasing demand for electricity, the government decided to launch the "Oil Shale Regional Reconstruction Plan". In 2006, power plants and refineries in Estonia will need 9.94 million tons and 6.44 million tons of oil shale respectively, and other uses may be flat and stable at around 740,000 tons. Therefore, the oil shale production in Estonia will increase from12.3 million tons to1700,000 tons. In Australia, the output of shale oil rose rapidly to 60,000 tons in 2002, and the oil consumption of shale oil was 790,000 tons. It is estimated that in 2006, these two figures will be 556,000 tons and 7 million tons respectively. Affected by the increase of output in these two countries, the world oil shale output will increase from160,000 tons in 2000 to 23 million tons in 2006.

2.2020

The policies and relevant laws and regulations issued by various governments are the key factors that affect the competitiveness of oil shale. In Estonia, a new 4 million tons oil shale plant is planned. These projects will be implemented if Estonia can use boiling furnace technology to generate electricity. By then, the output of oil shale will reach more than 2 1 10,000 tons. In Australia, the advanced ATP process (Alberta Taciuk Processor) will be commercialized successfully, which can increase the shale oil output from 556,000 tons in 2006 to 2065,438+00 ~ 765,438+07 million tons/year. By then, about 1. 1.4 million tons of shale oil will be mined every year. Therefore, it is estimated that by 2020, the world oil shale consumption will be 65.438+300 million tons.

3. After 2020

In the World Energy Outlook 2002, the International Energy Agency predicted that after 2020, the supply of oil from non-traditional sources will greatly increase, accounting for about 8% of the total world oil demand. This increase may be offset by some shale oil.

Advising intransitive verbs

The gap between oil supply and demand in China is increasing year by year, and the contradiction between oil supply and demand will exist for a long time. Fortunately, China is rich in oil shale resources. It is suggested that China should make preparations as soon as possible to meet the arrival of world oil shale development. Through the large-scale development of oil shale, it replaces some conventional oil and gas and relieves the energy pressure in China. According to the specific situation of our country, the following suggestions are put forward.

1. Launch a new round of investigation and evaluation of oil shale resources in China.

Since Fushun Petroleum Research Institute completed 1962 "Investigation Report on China's Oil Shale Resources", China has not investigated and evaluated the national oil shale resources for many years. The existing evaluation data are obsolete and sporadic, and the calculation standards are not uniform. Up to now, the oil shale resources in China are unclear, which will seriously restrict the development and macro-management of oil shale resources in China. The third round of national oil and gas resources evaluation since 2003 includes oil shale evaluation. However, this kind of evaluation is not put into investigation, and the evaluation result is unconvincing. Therefore, it is suggested that a new round of investigation and evaluation of oil shale resources in China should be carried out in combination with the national oil and gas survey.

2. Serve for the replacement of crisis mine resources in Northeast China.

Most oil shale mines are related to coal mines. Most coal mines in northeast China and their adjacent areas are rich in oil shale resources. Due to decades or even hundreds of years of mining, some important coal mines in Northeast China, such as Fushun Coal Mine and Fuxin Coal Mine in Liaoning Province, have become crisis mines and mining cities. There are "four mines" in Hegang, Shuangyashan, Jixi and Qitaihe in Heilongjiang, among which Hegang Coal Mine has become a supply crisis mine. It is suggested to strengthen the exploration of oil shale resources in crisis mines and quasi-crisis mines in Northeast China and its periphery, promote the development and utilization of oil shale resources, and serve the replacement and transformation of crisis mines in Northeast China.

3. Explore oil shale resources in marginal areas with energy shortage.

In marginal areas with energy shortage, such as Tibet, oil and gas exploration should be carried out at the same time, and oil shale resources should be explored and developed at the same time. The serious shortage of energy in Tibet for many years has become one of the important factors that hinder social development. It takes 10 years or even 20 years for Tibet to make a strategic breakthrough in conventional oil and gas resources, during which the contradiction of energy shortage still exists. Tibet is rich in oil shale resources. There are10m thick oil shale in Biluocuo area in the southeast of Shuanghu Lake and the north of Laoshuanghu Lake (Reyue Chaka), and tertiary oil shale in Dingqing Basin and Lunpola Basin. Strengthening the exploration and development of oil shale resources in Tibet and producing shale oil by using oil shale to generate electricity are of great significance to alleviating the energy pressure in Tibet and promoting the economic and social development in Tibet.

4. Research on the development and utilization technology of oil shale supported and protected by the state.

Whether the development and utilization of oil shale can move towards large-scale production depends on cost reduction technology and environmental protection technology. At present, the research on oil shale development and utilization technology in China is mostly supported by companies and local governments, and the research cycle and scale are not large. It is suggested that the state should increase the support and support for the research of comprehensive utilization technology of oil shale, so that the technology can be continuously updated. For example, develop a new combustion furnace to make oil shale burn more fully and more environmentally friendly; Develop more advanced shale oil refining system to make shale oil more comprehensive and fully utilized; Study how to obtain high-quality main products and by-products with greater added value. Support and encourage China scientists to actively participate in international cooperation and exchanges, and master advanced oil shale development and utilization technology as soon as possible.

5. Do a good job in environmental restoration after oil shale development.

Strictly implement the national charging system for mining pollution and environmental restoration, and strive to restore the damaged ecological environment in time during the mining process and when the pit is closed. Establish a corresponding supervision and management system to protect the environment while promoting production.

6. Formulate national standards and specifications for oil shale exploration and development.

The exploration of oil shale resources in various provinces in China lacks standardization, and the evaluation standards and calculation methods of resources are not unified; The economic index, environmental protection index and management of oil shale development need to be standardized. It is suggested that the national standards and specifications for oil shale exploration and development should be formulated with reference to foreign experience.

Brief introduction of the author

[1] Zhang Jiaqiang, research fellow, Development Research Center, China Geological Survey.

[2] Wang Dejie, Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, internship researcher.