Who were the knowledgeable people in ancient times?

Jiang Ziya and Laozi in Zhou Dynasty, Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. Dong Fangshuo in Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang in Three Kingdoms, Xie An in Jin Dynasty, Zu Chongzhi in Northern and Southern Dynasties, De Renjie in Tang Dynasty, Liu Ji in Ming Dynasty and Kangxi in Qing Dynasty.

Briefly describe several typical cases:

1, Confucius put forward "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", adopting different teaching methods according to different students, and exerting their potential as much as possible. It provides an example for the teaching mode of later generations.

2. Although Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui" did not achieve the purpose of reviving the Han Dynasty, most of the measures mentioned in it were basically realized, which consolidated and developed Liu Bei's influence and occupied a place in China at that time, competing with Wei and Wu for hegemony. This is a miracle in military history and an anecdote in military history, which reflects his personal strategic vision.

3. Kangxi took the form of fighting against San Francisco, Taiwan Province Province, Russia and Tibet, and finally unified them, which made great contributions to the integrity and expansion of China's territory, which was unmatched by emperors in history.

Aristotle, the most learned man in ancient times

Aristotle (384 ~ 322 BC) was the most famous philosopher and profound scholar in ancient Greece. He summed up the achievements of the development of ancient Greek philosophy since Thales, distinguished philosophy from other sciences for the first time, and initiated independent research on logic, ethics, politics and biology. His academic thoughts had a great influence on the development of western culture and science.

In 384 BC, Aristotle was born in Starkiel, a Greek settlement in Laakia. This city is a Greek colony, adjacent to emerging Macedonia. His father was a court doctor of King Philip II of Macedonia, so his family should belong to the middle class among slave owners. Aristotle moved to Athens in 367 BC, studied medicine and studied at Plato Institute in Athens for many years. He is an active participant in Plato's Academy.

It is a very important stage for Aristotle to study philosophy with Plato in Athens from 18 to 38-20 years old, and his study and life during this period had a decisive impact on his life. Socrates was Plato's teacher and Aristotle was taught by Plato. These three generations of mentoring are all famous figures in the history of philosophy.

In Plato's academy in Athens, Aristotle performed very well, and Plato called him "the spirit of the academy". But Aristotle is not a person who only worships authority. He only studies Nuo Nuo and has no ideas of his own. He is different from the teacher who talks about Hyunri. He worked hard to collect all kinds of books and materials, studied diligently and even set up a library for himself. According to records, Plato once satirized him as a bookworm.

During his college years, Aristotle and his teacher had ideological differences. He once metaphorically said that wisdom will not die with Plato. When Plato reached his later years, the differences between his master and his disciples became even greater, and quarrels often occurred.

In 347 BC, after Plato's death, Aristotle stayed in Athens for another two years, and then he began to travel around. In 343 BC, he was hired by King Philip II of Macedonia as the teacher of Prince Alexander. Alexander was thirteen and Aristotle was forty-two.

In 338 BC, King Philip II of Macedonia defeated the anti-Macedonian Coalition forces composed of Athens, Thebes and other countries, and has since dominated Greece. The following year, Philip convened an all-Greece conference, agreeing that the Greek states would stop the war and establish a permanent alliance, with Macedonia as the leader. At the meeting, Philip announced that he would command the allied forces of the Greek States and make an expedition to Persia. At this point, Macedonia has actually mastered the military and political power of all Greece, and the Greek States have existed in name only and become vassals of Macedonia.

Philip was stabbed to death in 336 BC. His son Alexander, who was only twenty years old, became king. In 334 BC, Alexander led the Macedonian army and the Greek allied forces to Persia. In less than ten years, he defeated the Persian army, which claimed to be a million, and then destroyed the ancient Persian empire. An unprecedented Alexander empire was established-its territory started from Greece in the west, the Indus River in the east, Egypt in the south and Central Asia in the north. In 323 BC, Alexander died. This great empire, conquered by force, was divided into several independent kingdoms after melee.

In this turbulent era, Aristotle returned to Athens and lived there for twenty years, that is, from the year before Alexander's expedition to the year of Alexander's death. During this period, although Macedonia controlled Athens militarily and politically, there was still great anti-Macedonian potential there.

Aristotle came to Athens, probably shouldering the political mission of persuading the Athenians to obey Macedonia. Aristotle received many preferential treatments in Athens. In addition to his prominent political position, he also received a lot of money, materials and land support from bureaucrats at all levels in Alexandria and Macedonia. Lv Keang College, founded by him, occupies a huge playground and garden area near the temple of Apollo Lv Keang. In the academy, there were first-class libraries and animal and botanical gardens at that time. He started his own school here. The teachers and students of this school are used to discussing problems while walking in the garden, hence the name "Bard".

It is said that Alexander provided his teacher with research expenses for 800 golden claws (60 pounds of gold for each claw). Alexander also provided a lot of manpower for his teacher. He ordered his men to collect animal and plant specimens and other materials for Aristotle.

In fact, Aristotle's masterpiece can't be completed by one person. For example, he has outlined and analyzed 158 political systems, and it is impossible to complete a lot of collection and sorting work without the assistance of a group of assistants.

When the news of Alexander's death reached Athens, there was an anti-Macedonian frenzy. The Athenians attacked Aristotle and sentenced him to blasphemy. Socrates was sentenced to death for blasphemy. But Aristotle finally escaped from Athens, and the next year, he died at the age of 63.

The most knowledgeable person

Aristotle was first and foremost a great philosopher. Although he was a student of Plato, he gave up the idealistic view held by his teacher.

Plato thinks that idea is the prototype of material object, which exists independently of material object, while Aristotle thinks that material object itself contains essence; Plato asserted that feeling could not be the source of real knowledge, but Aristotle believed that knowledge originated from feeling. These thoughts already contain some materialistic factors.

Aristotle, like Plato, thinks that rational scheme and purpose are the guiding principles of all natural processes. But Aristotle's view of causality is richer than Plato's, because he accepted some views of ancient Greece on this issue.

Aristotle pointed out that there are four main reasons. The first is the material reason, that is, the main substance that constitutes an object; The second is the form factor, that is, the design pattern and form given to the main substance; The third is the motive force, that is, the mechanism and function provided for realizing this design; The fourth is the purpose, that is, the purpose of designing the object.

For example, the Potter's clay provides the material reason for pottery, while the design style of pottery is its form reason, the Potter's wheel and hand are the power reason, and the use of pottery is the purpose reason. Aristotle himself took a fancy to the formal reason and purpose reason of objects, and he believed that formal reason was included in all natural objects and functions. At first, these formal reasons are potential, but once an object or creature develops, these formal reasons are revealed. Finally, when an object or organism reaches the completion stage, its finished product is used to achieve the original design purpose, that is, to serve the purpose. He also believes that in concrete things, there is no form without matter, and there is no matter without form. The process of combining matter with form is the movement of transforming potential into reality. This theory shows the idea of spontaneous dialectics.

Aristotle divided science into three types: theoretical science (mathematics, natural science and the first philosophy later called metaphysics); Practical science (ethics, politics, economics, strategy and revision); The science of creation is poetics.

Aristotle thinks that analysis or logic is the tool of all sciences. He is the founder of formal logic. He tried to link the form of thinking with existence, and expounded the category of logic according to the objective reality.

In astronomy, Aristotle believes that the running celestial bodies are physical entities, and the earth is spherical and the center of the universe; The earth and celestial bodies are made up of different substances. Matter on the earth is composed of four elements: water, air, fire and earth, and celestial bodies are composed of the fifth element "ether".

In physics, he opposed atomism and denied the existence of vacuum. He also believes that an object will only move under the impetus of an external force, and when the external force stops, the movement will stop.

In biology, he classified more than 500 different plants and animals, studied at least 50 animals, pointed out that whales were viviparous, and investigated the development process of chicken embryos. Alexander the Great often brought back various animal and plant specimens in his explorations.

In education, Aristotle believes that rational development is the ultimate goal of education, and advocates that the state should educate the children of slave owners so that their bodies, virtues and wisdom can develop harmoniously. Aristotle also put forward many mathematical and physical concepts such as limit, infinite number, composition of force and so on.

Aristotle's logic works were later compiled into a book by his annotators, called "On Tools". They inherited Aristotle's view that logic is neither theoretical knowledge nor practical knowledge, but a tool of knowledge. Instrumentalism mainly discusses deduction, which lays the foundation for formal logic and has a far-reaching influence on the development of this science.

Another work of Aristotle, Physics, discusses natural philosophy, principle of existence, matter and form, movement, time and space. He believes that in order to make an object move endlessly, there needs to be a reason to keep working.

Aristotle began to discuss the matter and the things that can be destroyed in the Theory of Heaven, and then discussed the occurrence and destruction. In this process of occurrence and destruction, the opposing principles of cold and heat and dry and wet interact to produce four elements: fire, fire, soil and water. In addition to these elements on the ground, he added ether. The ether moves in a circle, forming a perfect and immortal celestial body.

Meteorology discusses the area between heaven and earth, that is, the zone of planets, comets and meteors; There are also some primitive theories about vision, color vision and rainbow. In the fourth book, some primitive chemical concepts are described. At present, Aristotle's meteorology is far less satisfactory than his biological work, but this work had a great influence in the late Middle Ages.

Aristotle's other important works include Metaphysics, Ethics, Politics and Analysis, the first and second parts. These works had a great influence on the later development of philosophy and science.

Aristotle was a turning point in Greek science. Before him, scientists and philosophers tried to put forward a complete world system to explain natural phenomena. He was the last person to put forward a complete world system. After him, many scientists began to give up trying to put forward a complete system and study specific problems instead.

Aristotle used the method of observation and experiment and dialectical thinking, which greatly promoted the progress of science at that time. However, the medieval scholasticism and theology used some metaphysical and idealistic things in their works. For example, God preached that the world and the earth were the center of the universe, regarded them as unchangeable classics and insurmountable authorities, and distorted his works at will, thus binding people's thoughts and hindering the development of medieval science.

Aristotle is a master of ancient knowledge. In the hundreds of years after his death, no one has systematically investigated and mastered knowledge like him. His work is an ancient encyclopedia. So Engels called him "the most learned man".