Tongcheng immigrants

Loss of Houjin: Being beheaded by more than 200 levels, considering that Houjin is an attacker, the beheaded part should only be the part killed after attacking the city wall, and the actual loss should be greater than this number. Moreover, the artillery of the Ming Dynasty was so powerful that there should be five or six thousand people killed by shelling.

Ming army loss: more than 7,000 Ming troops and 7,000 businessmen on Juehua Island were massacred by the late Jin army; The latter Jin army burned more than 80,000 grains and more than 2,000 ships.

The end: Juehua Island was defeated in the secondary battlefield, but Ningyuan City was saved in the main battlefield, which made Nurhachi defeat and retreat.

Influence: The soldiers and civilians of the Ming Dynasty re-established the confidence of the defeated Jin Army.

Yuan Chonghuan:

Main deeds: commanding the battle of Ningyuan.

Main activity areas: Ningyuan and Juehua Island.

Sites and cultural relics: Ningyuan City.

After the fall of the land east of Liaohe River in Ming Dynasty, the late Jin and Ming Dynasties continued their military struggle in western Liaoning: the first game was the battle of Guangning, the second game was the battle of Ningyuan, the third game was the battle of Ningjin, the fourth game was the battle of Daling River, the fifth game was the battle of Jinsong, and the sixth game was the battle of Shanhaiguan. The Shanhaiguan War took place in Shunzhi Dynasty, mainly with Li Zicheng. The battle of Ningyuan was the first victory of the Ming army over the late Jin army since the Liao incident, which was called "Ningyuan Victory" by the Ming people. But before the Ningyuan War, the situation was extremely unfavorable to Yuan Chonghuan. Yuan Chonghuan achieved a "great victory in Ningyuan" when the nomads from the rear were strong and Ningyuan was isolated.

Lonely city

Shortly after the completion of Yuan Chonghuan's construction of Ningyuan City, the latter Jin launched an attack on Ningyuan. Yuan Chonghuan resisted the great pressure of Liaodong to be an official, kept the lonely city not far away and fought bloody battles.

Xingcheng Drum Tower (north) is located in Shanhaiguan, and the Ministry of War history runs through Zhen Ji Town and Liaodong. Gao Di, a native of Luanzhou, was a scholar in the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), served as assistant minister of the Ministry of War in the third year of Apocalypse (1623) and served as an official for four years. His official career is not obvious, he knows nothing about soldiers, he is timid and incompetent, and he has to rely on flattering eunuchs to entrust him with the important task of sealing the border. Gaudi once tried his best to keep Sun Chengzong out of the pass. In order to recover lost ground, he first insisted on the strategy of active defense. After he arrived at Shanhaiguan, he went down to Ma Shilong, the general commander of Shanhaiguan, on the grounds of Liuhe's defeat, and ordered him to abandon the castle outside Shanhaiguan and withdraw his troops outside Shanhaiguan. The general plan to defend the high-ranking pass is: restraining, and the strategy of "keeping heavy troops in the pass anyway and * * * pulling and defending". Is to abandon the territory outside the customs and surrender to Shanhaiguan. Gaudi adopted a passive defensive strategy of not advancing or retreating, only trying to keep the pass.

First of all, Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan led the soldiers and civilians to struggle hard outside the customs for four years, building cities and castles, building processing machinery, camping and training, and expanding the land and opening villages, with remarkable achievements and fruitful results. According to Sun Chengzong in Ming Dynasty:

Chengzong spent four years in Shanhaiguan, restored 45 castles and 9 big castles, trained 1 1 10,000 soldiers, established 12 chariot camps, 5 water camps, 2 fire camps and 8 pioneer endurance camps, and built millions of pieces of armor, instruments, bows and arrows, cannon stones, canals and wood.

Ningyuancheng

As a university student, Emperor Apocalypse and coach of Liaodong, Sun Chengzong made great achievements. However, because he offended Wei Zhongxian, he was pushed out by eunuchs with slight negligence, so he resigned and returned to his hometown. His post in Liaodong was taken over by Gao Di. However, Gaudi was at odds with Sun Chengzong. He bullied the weak and feared the hard, feared the enemy like a tiger, humiliated the soldiers and retreated from the defense and abandoned the land. He ordered all the troops in Jinzhou, Youtun, Daling River and Qian Ning to evacuate, and all the equipment, guns, ammunition and food were moved to the Commissioner, giving up 400 miles of land. Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River are the vanguard fortresses of the Ming army in Liaodong. If the fortifications are hastily withdrawn, the built castles will be abandoned and destroyed, the stationed troops will retreat, the Liao people who have settled and cultivated will move, and the 200-mile mansion will fall.

Some officials are dissatisfied with Gaudi's blind retreat and have written to protest. Guan Jin Youliangtun passed on a sentence from Jin Qichen and presented a photo: "Jinyouliangtun and Daling are all important frontier positions. If the troops retreat, the safe people will return to exile (lí), and the government they have won will be lost. How many times can I retreat from the customs? " Yuan Chonghuan strives to: the soldiers cannot be withdrawn, the city cannot be abandoned, the people cannot be moved, and the fields cannot be abandoned. He quoted from-Qi's "A Photo" and revealed the high-order tools to run in Liaodong:

The art of war advances without retreating. In Jin and Right areas, soldiers have been stationed, grain has been stored, and officials have deployed. Is it safe to withdraw without observing? There is absolutely no reason. Taking off a trick to show the enemy's weakness is not only an eastern slave, but also a western slave, and it is even more light. The loss of Liuhe was due to the greed of several generations and their own death. Because of this, the castle was evacuated, the residents were moved, and the brocade and the Rightists were shaken. It is not the courage of the Tao to be better off than to be surprised by the front.

Yuan Chonghuan firmly believes that Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River "stand tall, hold their ground, stay ahead and recover". In other words, resolutely defend and advance while defending. If you lose your land, you will definitely recover.

Relying on the potential flame of "giving Fang Jian and riding a python jade belt" and taking eunuchs as the background, Emperor Gao not only insisted on withdrawing Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River, but also spread the news of withdrawing Ning (far) Qiantun Road to guard against it. Yuan Chonghuan, Qian Ning Road, is determined to ambush Ningyuan to defend the isolated city. He said simply:

Knife should be better, the former is life and death! If you retreat rather than advance, you will not advance ahead, and you will be a traitor alone in the lonely city!

Yuan Chonghuan is just a "better than before" junior official with no background in North Korea. It's audacious to dare to disobey the will of the Minister of War and Ji Liao. However, judging from his daring to talk big and defend the Liao country for five years and dare to kill Mao Longwen instead of selling the emperor's account, his bold nature has always been like this.

In desperation, Gao Di withdrew the guards from Jinzhou, Youtun, Dalinghe, Songshan, Xingshan and Tashan, drove the troops and people into the pass, and abandoned 65,438+10,000 stones in the grain valley. This time, the army retreated without a fight, the morale of the army was low, the people's grievances were boiling, and they left their homes one after another, with a dead end and crying loudly.

Yuan Chonghuan, the former leader of Qian Ning Road, lost the support of Ji Liao, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Xie Han, the bachelor of normal education, and Sun Chengzong, the master of normal education. Under the extremely unfavorable situation that the fortress outside the customs was removed and the soldiers and civilians entered the customs, he led more than 10 thousand officers and men to defend Ningyuan alone to resist the invasion of the late Jin army.

In the four years after the occupation of Quang Ninh, Nurhachi, the leader of the Japanese invaders, made a great event, that is, moved the capital to Shenyang. In the fifth year of the apocalypse (1625), Nurhachi moved his capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang. After Jindu moved to the west, it showed that Nuerhachi wanted to further consolidate his rule in Liaoshen area, and then made greater moves to the Ming Dynasty. However, although he sent troops to capture Lushun, he did not attack the Ming Dynasty on a large scale. At this time, he was busy consolidating his rule in Liaoshen area-rectifying internal affairs, transporting grain by immigrants, training the army, developing production, implementing social reform and suppressing the resistance of the people in China. At the same time, because Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan's defensive work is methodical and impeccable, they are not too sure to make a move. Therefore, Nurhachi dormant, waiting for the opportunity. Nurhachi, who is good at waiting for opportunities, once took the opportunity to step down and seize Shen and Liao; This time, I was informed that Sun Chengzong had already left, and Gaudi had retreated to Shanhaiguan and Ningyuan, and decided to attack Ningyuan City.

The military information that the Jin army was going to cross the river on a large scale was discovered by the Ming army. On the sixth day of the first month in the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), I was told by Gaudi: "Slave thieves hope to collect food from Youzhai and cross the river around the fifteenth day of the first month." Sure enough, the late Jin army crossed the Liaohe River and came to the west. Later, on the tenth day of the tenth lunar month, Nurhachi left Shifangbao and went to Quang Ninh for encirclement and suppression. 12, return to Shenyang. Nurhachi immediately ordered the ox to record its surrender, and the officials prepared 30 ox carts and 30 sledges, each with 3 pairs of cymbals and 3 buckets of fried rice. Is to prepare ox carts, sledges, shoes, dry food, etc. When he was ready, he led his division to the war.

On the 14th day of the first month, the enemy leader Nurhachi led Wang with an army of 60,000, claiming to be 200,000, and attacked Ningyuan. 17, Xidu Liaohe River. The Eight Banners Army is spread all over the western Liaoning plain, and the official books say that there is an endless stream, with unpredictable head and tail, flags like tides and swords like forests. The Eight Banners are mighty and magnificent, and pounce on Ningyuan.

After the nomads from the Liao River crossed, the alarm reached the Ming Dynasty, and the whole country was furious and worried. Wang Yongguang, the minister of the Ministry of War, "called courtiers to discuss peace and defend the war, and there was no good plan". Gao Di and Yang Qi, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, were frightened by the police and didn't know what to do. They retreated to Shanhaiguan to gather troops. Taoist Liu Zhao and others wanted to go through the customs in 2000, and they were withdrawn by the military forces issued by the higher authorities. Bailey's reinforcements were crowded in the loyal courtyard, while Li Pinghu's reinforcements were less than 700 people and retreated to the middle front yard. So at the critical moment of Ningyuan, "no one closed the door to help." Yuan Chonghuan has no reinforcements in the future, and it will face a powerful enemy in the future: the Eight Banners Army has fallen into eight castles, including Youtun, Daling River, Jinzhou, He Xiaoling, Songshan, Xingshan, Tashan and Lianshan. The original defenders had already retreated to the pass, and then the nomads from the army went straight to Ningyuan without resistance.

Yuan Chonghuan was stationed in Ningyuan, an isolated city with less than twenty thousand foot soldiers. But the soldiers and civilians in the city, "survive in the dead, live and die", vowed to live and die with the city. In the face of an emergency, he played badly and made up his mind: "I am rushing forward to fight for my intelligence. I hope to be a slave." He took the advice of the generals and made the following preparations for guarding the city:

First, formulate a military strategy and stick to it according to the city. Before the Ningyuan War, the strength was very different. Yuan Chonghuan faced a formidable enemy in front, but there were no reinforcements behind. Mongolia in the west is weak, North Korea in the east is helpless, and western Liaoning is isolated from Ningyuan. Only by consolidating the city can we persist. He tasted: "defense is the right way, fighting is the strange thing, and money is the side road." It's not empty, it's not sudden. " He learned the painful lesson that Fu (Shun), Qing (He), Kai (Yuan), Tie (Ling), Shen (Yang), Liao (Yang), (Ping), Guang (Ning) and other places were successively lost, and he was determined to hold on to one city until his death. The enemy cannot be lured out of the city, and the enemy cannot fight. The main points of Yuan Chonghuan's defense against Ningyuan are: withdrawn, stubborn and persistent.

Second, boost morale and delimit the land separately. Yuan Chonghuan was in Mangui with his company commanders, his deputies, Zhu Mei and Zu Dashou, and defended his plan. Biographies of He, Zhuang Lie, Chou He Jia, Liu Guangzuo and Ma Shilong in Ming Dynasty are all "programs". The Biography of Yuan Chonghuan in Ming Dynasty is called "Gang". , sentenced to Jin Qiqi, etc. Assemble soldiers to defend Ningyuan to the death. He "pricked blood for books, inspired loyalty, worshipped for it, and begged for death when the soldiers were salty." The officers and men separately deployed to guard the city and defined their responsibilities: the general commander Mangui guarded the east, the deputy commander Zuo Fu guarded the west, the general commander Zu Dashou guarded the south, and the deputy commander Zhu Mei guarded the north; In the whole city, the branches are tied, defending each other and helping each other. Yuan Chonghuan is located in the Drum Tower in the city, commanding the overall situation, and the overseers stick to it.

Third, repair the platform protection spear (chònɡ) and deploy artillery. On Ningyuan City, Yuan Chonghuan implemented the deployment of "protecting the city with Taiwan, protecting the city with shovels and protecting the people with the city". He set up a red cannon (red cannon) in Ningyuan city, which is the western cannon. Hony Gun is an early Portuguese gun, which has the characteristics of long barrel, thick wall, long range and great power. It is a powerful cannon to kill dense cavalry. First, I bought four Hongya guns from Macau, and then 26 guns and 30 guns, including Capital 18, Bombing 1 Gate and Shanhai 1 1 Gate. When the enemy soldiers approached, Yuan Chonghuan adopted the advice of Mao and Lama Wang, brought the western artillery 1 1 into the city, made a cannon car, set up the city arm in arm, prepared enough ammunition and trained gunners. Officials, such as Sun and Peng Maogu, were trained by the Portuguese in a camp in Beijing, training and using gunmen. This door 1 1 west cannon was erected on Ningyuan City, becoming the latest powerful weapon for Yuan Chonghuan to withdraw from the enemy of the city by shelling.

Fourth, keep the walls clear and guard against spies. Yuan Chonghuan ordered the burning of houses outside the city, the accumulation of straw, the transfer of merchants into the city, and the transfer of grain and supplies to Juehua Island. He also led spies to inspect with Guan Cheng, saying, "The people in the street are looking for spies, but it is only from time to time"; Send students to patrol the intersection of streets and lanes. In Ningyuan city, there are no "traitors" and no spies. First of all, the cities in Liaodong-Fushun, Qinghe, Kaiyuan, Tieling, Shenyang, Liaoyang and Guangning-all fell because of "internal harmony". And "the traitor who has never visited Ningyuan alone should be a spy."

Fifth, military-civilian joint defense, grain delivery and ammunition transportation. Yuan Chonghuan ordered Qi Jin to press the four corners of the city, arranged civilian workers, and provided food for soldiers guarding the city. Pei Guozhen, a Wei official, was sent to lead the businessmen in the city, sending arrows and bullets. In the defense process of Ningyuan City, Yuan Chonghuan was able to integration of defense and civilian technologies, cooperate with each other and share the same fate. * * * Life and death, the whole army and Ningyuan people worked together to defend Ningyuan City and resist the invasion of the late Jin Dynasty.

Sixth, rectify military discipline and wait and see. Yuan Chonghuan strict military discipline, sent officials to patrol the city, ordered the officers and men to act in disorder, and the soldiers in the city were killed when they entered the city. The officers and men went up and down, guarding the city with one heart. "If you use the only method, you will have a different heart. This is the way to worship and encourage soldiers to defend their duties. Those who finish the city are also here. " He also got the information of Houjin. When everything is ready, stop waiting for the enemy

Seventh, reward courage and boost morale with heavy money. He always attached great importance to the rewards of officers and men, especially when the war was urgent, and ordered to take 1 1 100 and put it in the city. Yuan Chonghuan announced that all officers and men who can defeat the enemy and avoid difficulties and obstacles will be rewarded immediately with a silver ingot, and those who bravely retreat from the enemy will be rewarded.

Eighth, prevent desertion and make arrangements in advance. He ordered Zhao Lvjiao, the garrison commander of Qiantun, and Yang Jiaqi, the garrison commander of Shanhaiguan, and all soldiers of Ningyuan fled to Qiantun and Shanhaiguan, and seized the beheading to prevent military discipline. At that time, Shanhaiguan was guarded by Gaudi in Luo Jing, Liaodong, and Yang Jiaqi, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, was not under his command. His authority can only be managed in Ningyuan and Qiantun. In a military emergency, he overstepped his authority.

A big war is coming.

Yugoslav capital war

After Nuerhachi commanded the Eight Banners Army to cross the Liaohe River to the west, he marched straight into the lonely city of Ningyuan, and no one helped him.

On the 22nd of the first month, Yuan Chonghuan's guarding city deployment was just ready. He went to the Drum Tower with several aides, and talked with the North Korean special envoy Han Yuanchang about past lives, which was as calm as ever. He shilled soldiers and people "wait for it, and no one is in the city", waiting for the army of nomads from the army to approach the city.

On the 23rd, the Eight Banners Army passed the pass between Shoushan and Luofeng Mountain (Kong Long), five miles east of Ningyuan, and its troops were sparse in the suburbs of Ningyuan. Nurhachi ordered to leave the city for five miles, cut off the mountain and sea roads, set up camp, and set up a general camp in the north of the city. Before the siege, Nurhachi put the captured Han Chinese back to Ningyuan City and sent a letter of sweat to persuade them to surrender. But it was flatly rejected by Yuan Chonghuan. "Liu Yilong Shi Lu" records:

After releasing the captured Han Chinese, he went to Ningyuan and told them: "I will attack this city with 200,000 soldiers, and this city will be broken! If your officials surrender, they will be awarded a high rank. " Yuan Chonghuan, the leader of Ningyuan Road, replied, "Why did Khan suddenly send more troops? Ning and Jin are Khan's abandoned land, and I want to recover it, so I have to stick to my duty and there is no reason to surrender! It is said that 200,000 soldiers are coming, but they are empty. I know130 thousand. How can it be a small number? "

After Yuan Chonghuan flatly refused Nurhachi's surrender, he ordered his family, Li Luo and others, to fire western cannons at the Houjin military camp in the north, "capturing hundreds of people with one shot". After that, 8 Jin Army did not dare to stay in the camp and moved it to the west. Nuerhachi saw that Yuan Chonghuan refused to surrender, and fired shells at the camp, ordering him to prepare war gear and attack the city the next day.

The 24th. After that, the army of nomads from the army pushed chariots, carried hooks and ladders, and rode horses in droves to attack, and thousands of arrows were fired at the gates. The arrows on the wall are like rain, and the signs are like hedgehog skins. The Ming army, guarded by the fortified city, is not afraid of cavalry rushing at the gate, but can also avoid arrows and shoot. Later, Jin concentrated his forces to attack the southwest of the city. Zuo Fu led the troops to stick to it, and Zu Dashou led the troops to help. The Ming army attacked with arrows, shovels and western cannons. Nomads from heavy casualties, and then turned to attack the south of the city. After that, 8 Jin Army chiseled the city between two weak fires at the corner of the city gate. The garrison "has two troops at the door corner, fighting." Ming military guards the city with guns, and guards the city with guns. Treasurer Peng Yaogu commanded the East and North artillery, while Li Luo commanded the West and South artillery. "Attacking from the city for several weeks without stopping, every gun may be eroded for several miles." After the nomads from the city set fire, they smashed the city with rafters. Braving the cold, chisel the city with a big axe. Ming army shoots arrows, throws stones, flies fireballs and throws medicine cans; Nomads from behind are brave and risk their lives. The vanguard digs the frozen soil city and digs three or four big holes more than 20 feet high, and Ningyuan City is seriously threatened. Yuan Chonghuan took the lead in a serious crisis and was unfortunately injured. "Self-cracking shirt, wrapped in a left wound, fighting hard; I will be embarrassed, Li Fen will fight for the first place, and I will cover the city with my wings. " When the city was in danger, Yuan Chonghuan ordered officers and men to wrap gunpowder with reed flowers and quilts, and named it "ten thousand enemies"; And "tie wood to burn oil, mix gunpowder, and tie it with iron rope to burn"; And choose 50 Ding Jian to burn with cotton powder and other things, killing the post-nomadic warriors who dug the wall-"Mars is everywhere" Mingfangtang Daily records: "Thieves dug three or four places, and the city was twenty feet high, so the fireball (qiú) torches were thrown around, lit with chains, and the cards began to burn, and the people in the cave city began to die, but the thieves were a little less. The golden boy sentenced his hand to fire a cannon, which was actually used to kill him. The thieves' bodies piled up under the city. "On this day, 8 jin j after the siege, from early morning to late at night, the body product at the gate, almost trapped in the city.

Stone mines used by the Ming army in battle

The 25th. Nomads from the siege again. Fired at the city, "the gun was over the top, and killing Beiqi was nothing." Post-nomads are afraid of sharp guns, and they cringe. "Its leader drove his troops away with a knife and only returned to the city gate." The soldiers of the late Jin Dynasty robbed the body at the gate and transported it to the brick kiln outside the west gate for burning. Although he continued to attack the city, the attack could not be overcome, so he ordered to retreat. Two days after 8 jin j besieged the city, * * * defeated two guerrillas and prepared two royals, with 500 soldiers, who were on fire and defeated. Nurhachi was forced to stop attacking the city and retreat to the Dragon Palace Temple, five miles southwest of the city.

On the 26th, after the nomads from the army continued to besiege the city, the Ming army launched artillery bombardment on the western front. Nuerhachi was at his wit's end, so he changed his offensive strategy and ordered Unnag to lead a large army to cross the sea on ice and attack Juehua Island, the grain storage base of the Ming army (see later).

Yuan Chonghuan just repelled, 8 jin j attack, send matsui, Ma Yougong, tied them from the city, galloped through shanhaiguan, report the situation in the high place. Emperor Gao sent a message to the imperial court: "A slave thief attacked Ningyuan, shot a big leader, wrapped him in red cloth, and the thief carried him away, crying loudly. Divide troops and attack Juhua Island, burning and looting grain, grass and goods. "

In the battle of Ningyuan, an important figure in the late Jin Dynasty was wounded by a bright shell. The records of each book are slightly different, and are quoted as follows:

Next year, we will buy Hong Yi Bao made in Macau and Portugal.

Emperor Gaul of Liao Jing in Ming Dynasty reported: "A slave thief attacked Ningyuan, shot and killed a big leader, wrapped in red cloth, and the thief carried him."

Zhang Dai recorded in "Stone Room Book": "If the gun goes too far, it will kill the north rider, and the yellow dragon curtain will hurt the king. Beiqi said that it was unfavorable to send troops, wrapped in skin and cried and ran. "

North Korea's Lee described the battle of Ningyuan in "A Moonlight Record in Chunpo Pond", which is now copied later: "Han Yuan, a translator from China, joined the mission in the DPRK. Seeing that it is appropriate to worship Huan, it is fun to worship Huan. Please borrow the envoy and take him to his town to see his battle. Military restraint is unknown, but the army is quiet. Chonghuan and several three aides are just chatting with each other. And the thief reported the sedan chair to the watchtower, and talked with Yuan and others about the past, which was a little carefree. Suddenly, a cannon shot shocked the world. I'm afraid I can't lift my head. Chonghuan smiled and said,' Here comes the thief!' But when I opened the window, I saw thieves and soldiers coming in from all over the country, and there was no sound in the city. When the thief entered the outer city that night, Gai Chonghuan started the outer city, thinking that he would lure him into the ground. Because the thieves attacked the city together and fired guns, the city caught fire for a while, illuminating the world and throwing stones down. The fighting party is in full swing, and every time it goes to town, it launches wooden cabinets, which are very big and long, half in the city and half outside the city. Soldiers are in the middle, standing on the cabinets and leaning down. If so, hay oil and cotton have been thrown out of the city countless times. In a short time, the ground artillery exploded, the earth and stone in the city rose, the conference semifinals were seen in the fire, and the whole army was in the air. Countless people fell into chaos, and thieves retreated. In the next dynasty, I saw thieves gathered on the edge of Xiao Ye, like leaves. Chonghuan immediately sent an envoy and prepared something to thank him, saying,' Veterans have been wandering around the world for a long time, and they have been defeated by boys every day. "How many people are there!" My slave Hagong was seriously injured first, and there were gifts and famous horses to thank him. Please take advantage of the period of fighting again and die because of his illness. "

On the whole, in terms of tactics, the historical conclusion is that Nurhachi defeated Ningyuan. The battle of Ningyuan between the Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty ended in the victory of the Ming Dynasty and the failure of the late Jin Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, "Ningyuan was besieged, and the whole country was furious". The news of Ningyuan's victory was endless, and the capital was normal, and the empty lanes congratulated each other. Ningyuan triumph is the first triumph since the fall of Fushun in Ming Dynasty. This is a great victory, because "Liao Zuo made an attack and every city ran into the wind and collapsed." Eight years later, thieves began to fall "; It is also a great victory of "1989 to stop the invasion of hundreds of thousands of troops and shake the accumulation". Tomorrow, the emperor will announce: "This is something that has never happened in seven or eight years, and it is so deep that the court can't breathe!" Therefore, Ningyuan and Ningyuan won a great victory, which has a special position and significance for the Ming Dynasty: Ningyuan is a barrier between mountains and seas, which is related to the safety of the capital and the survival of the world. Contrary to the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi originally proposed to take Shanhaiguan from Ningyuan City, only to be defeated by Yuan Chonghuan. At that time, Yuan Chonghuan was 43 years old and he experienced the war for the first time; Nurhachi is 68 years old and has been through battle. Nurhachi suffered the worst failure in Ningyuan in 44 years. The Ming army won a great victory in the battle of Ningyuan, and Wang Yongguang, a minister of the Ministry of War, praised Yuan Chonghuan's achievements to the emperor:

Liao Zuofa attacked, and all cities fell into collapse. Thieves began to fall in eight years, but I knew someone was in China! Gaiyuan Chen Dao Yuan Chonghuan's usual kindness is awesome! Otherwise He Ningyuan didn't make a dash for the door of traitors and spies should be inside? This official is smart and brave, so his position should be superior and all foreign affairs should be entrusted to him.

For the enemy chief Nurhachi, the greatest pain in the battle of Ningyuan was the failure of command. A Record of Emperor Mao recorded the defeat of Nurhachi Ningyuan, saying:

From the age of twenty-five, the emperor was invincible, but Ningyuan couldn't even keep a city, so he returned in a rage.

Although the enemy Nurhachi failed in Ningyuan City, he moved the attack point of cavalry from Ningyuan City to Juehua Island. Juehua Island became the sub-battlefield of Ningyuan Campaign.

Overlooking Juehua Island (now Peach Blossom Island)

Juehua Island is very valuable.

First, location is critical. Juehua Island is suspended in western Liaoning Bay, offshore 18, 30 miles away from Ningyuan. Located in the east, west, sea and land, bordering on land and water in western Liaoning. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Juehua Island was developed and its port was famous. Its northern harbor, named Luokou, has become an important port on the island, entering and leaving the throat of the island. In the Ming Dynasty, the island stored military food, and Juehua Island became the base for the Ming army to hoard food. Sun Chengzong not only manages the fortification of Ningyuan City, but also manages the grain depot and sailing of Juehua Island.

Second, hoarding food. Sesame Bay (Zhimiao Bay), Bijiashan and Juehua Island are important bases for the Ming army to store grain at sea in western Liaoning. After the fall of Guangning in the Ming Dynasty, the garrison was concentrated in Ningyuan City and the grain depot was concentrated in Juehua Island. Juehua Island has a main island and three small islands-now called Mopan Island, Zhangshan Island and Yanshan Island, *** 13? 5 square kilometers, of which the main island 12? 5 square kilometers. The main island is "wide at both ends, narrow in the middle, irregular gourd-shaped, hanging alone in the sea." According to the reconnaissance, the brief description of this grain storage city is as follows: "Juehua Island Ming Grain Storage City, the remains are clearly visible so far. The city is rectangular, about 500 meters long from north to south, 250 meters wide from east to west, with a wall height of about 10 meter and a bottom width of about 6 meters. There is a door on the north wall, which leads to the port outside the city and is a channel for transporting food and equipment; There are two gates on the south wall, which are connected with the' Dragon Neck' to facilitate the exchanges on the island; There are no doors on the east and west walls, which is conducive to defense. There are grain depots, material piles, barracks relics of officers and men guarding the city, and a drainage ditch running through the north and south. "

Third, form a navy. In the Ming Dynasty, on Juehua Island, before the fall of Guangning, "a sailor with a golden crown was transported there". Before Sun Chengzong went through the customs, he ordered Longying and Barracks to guard China Island. Soon, Guo Ning sent sailors to guard Juehua Island. The navy of Mingjuehua Island is still under the command of the guerrilla Golden Crown. Its functions: first, to guard the food and equipment on the island; The second is to cooperate with the marine division to restore lost land in Liaodong; The third is to coordinate the defense of Ningyuan City-the literature records: "Those who build eight miles are the key to building Ningyuan, and even 40,000 miles are used as the rush of Ningyuan, which contradicts Juehua Island. When you spy on the city, the soldiers on the island make three forks, burn the pontoon bridge, and then beat it around. "

Thus, Juehua Island became the only place for the army and the late Jin army. The outbreak of fierce fighting in Juehua Island turned into a cruel war after the enemy Nurhachi defeated Ningyuan.

Nurhachi has always been resolute and self-reliant, and has won many wars. He couldn't stand the humiliation of Ningyuan's defeat and vowed to avenge it. He is determined to vent his anger with attacks, burn it out with hatred, cover up his failure with victory, and deter him with slaughter.

On the 25th night of the first month, while sending troops to attack the city all night, Hou Jin shifted his main force to camp in Longlong Temple in Wuli, southwest of the city. Its purposes: 1. Longgong Temple is closest to Juehua Island, which is convenient for boarding the island; Second, the Dragon Palace Temple hoarded grain and pretended to rob. This plan really puzzled the Ming army. The Gaoditang newspaper can prove: "Today, we see that there are stolen slaves camped in the area of Longguan (Palace) Temple in Wuli, southwest of the city, with about 50 thousand cavalry. ..... Near the coast of the island, the ice was cut open and thieves could not cross the sea. "

It's the middle of winter, and the sea is frozen. You can walk directly from the shore to the island. Yao Fumin and other defenders, in order to strengthen their defense, dug 15 Li Ice City along the island to stop the invasion of the late Jin cavalry. However, it was very cold and the ice was cut through. Yao Fumin and others led the officers and men. "Wearing ice day and night, the soldiers lost their fingers."

On the 26th, the latter sent a small number of troops to continue attacking Ningyuan City. On the one hand, most cavalry suddenly attacked Juehua Island. Later, Jin Jun, Mongolian cavalry and Manchu cavalry led by Unnag, about tens of thousands of people, rushed to Juehua Island from the ice. Ming army/kloc-carved ice in 0/5, and the array was defended by chariots. At dawn, the Houjin cavalry commanded by Unnag was divided into 12 teams, with Unnag as the middle road, and pounced on the "leading" grain depot city on the island. The Ming army on the island, "chiseling ice and suffering, neither armor nor weapons, but also sailors, can not stand the war and are outnumbered"; Unexpectedly, it snowed heavily and the ice city froze again. The late Jin cavalry galloped on the ice, landed from the estuary, broke through the north gate of the grain storage city, fought fiercely and rushed into the city. After the Golden Cavalry rushed into the chaos (zhuó), the sailors on the island were in chaos. After the Jin dynasty, the blade burned the city to store food, and the smoke covered the island, and the fire was soaring. Immediately turn to Dongshan and gallop on horseback; At that time, I attacked Xishan and killed all the way. After Jin Jun was attacked and killed, he was desperately resisted by the officers and men guarding the island: "Besides, all the generals on the island, Jin Guan died first, and Yao and Xian both died." Seeing the husband who fled before, he is still alive. The son of the Golden Crown will hold Jin Shiqi in martial arts to welcome his father's funeral. Hearing that the police had gone to the island, they sent their younger brother to the west of Muzhu to lead more than 300 righteous men to fight, but none of them survived. His loyalty and filial piety are all over! "

The end of the Battle of Juehua Island was the demise of the Ming Army and the victory of the Jin Army. The Ming army suffered heavy losses in this battle. According to the Highland Church newspaper, Juehua Island "lost all four battalions, including Ji, Wu Guoxun, Yao Yuxian, Wang, Wu Weijin, and the former, left and back battalions." Governor Wang Zhichen read the newspaper: "The soldiers of Juehua are all martyrs. More than 82,000 grains, barracks and houses were burned. " The boy said, "Up to now, everyone is broken, with seven or eight thousand generals and seven or eight thousand businessmen, all of which are failing. Wang Ao, a newcomer, was shattered; The dead golden crown was cut. The hoarded food really burned out. " "A Record of Emperor Gao of the Qing Dynasty" contains: "Our army seized Hao's mouth, attacked him, defeated his soldiers, and died by beheading him. There are two battalions standing at the top of the island. Our army rushed in, defeated its soldiers and wiped them out. Burning more than 2,000 ships; And the accumulated grain is more than 1,000, which is higher than the house. " In short, more than 7,000 Ming troops and 7,000 businessmen on Juehua Island were killed by the late Jin army. The latter Jin army burned more than 80,000 grains and more than 2,000 ships. As the external logistics base of the Ming Dynasty, the main island was also destroyed by the late Jin army. At the same time, the late Jin army also paid a price. According to statistics, there were 269 dead officers and men. Yuan Chonghuan's "China Island Sacrifice" said:

I have fought, defended my good side, and lost my territory many times. The son of heaven was furious and transferred the North-South Land and Water Division. It is said that you are rowing like a horse, so you are here to make progress. According to the distance between us, don't you want to eliminate this eclipse, sail for gold, return, and sail for Huanglong! Nai didn't make good use of it, and the enemy came at once. Here, on the cold moon, ice forms boat glue. What I am good at is not as difficult as mine. The speaker said, "I don't care about it, I don't care about it, I don't care about it, but I'm at a loss. I spent 180 thousand to die for thousands of people. What can I do?" And you don't have an answer. You die in anger without any bad feelings. Depending on the year of abandonment, those who procrastinate will work overtime. People are exempt from sin until they die; A man's products depend on his death. Today, I will feel a little guilty and loyal. Begging for mercy from the son of heaven, I dare to be merciful, so there is no gentleman and there is goodness.

Roar, roar, the vast waves and empty mountains have been dispelled by your loyal spirit. When I look forward to my hometown, I will turn to robbery for my life, and I will wander in my soul. Why don't we get together for revenge? In the ambition of life, death is used to delay, although the day of death is also a year of hesitation. You are eager to do it! If you don't avoid it, you will cry with it. Shang Xiang!

In the battle of Ningyuan between the Ming Dynasty and the later Jin Dynasty, the Ming army won in Ningyuan City, the main battlefield, and lost in Juehua Island, the auxiliary battlefield, but overall it was still dominated by victory, so the Ming Dynasty called this victory "Ningyuan Victory".

The battle of Ningyuan was a great victory in the Ming Dynasty and a great defeat in the later Jin Dynasty for complicated reasons.

Politically, the war of attacking Ningyuan in the late Jin Dynasty changed from a just war of unifying the ministries of Jurchen and resisting national oppression to an unjust war of plundering the land people and competing for ruling power, which was strongly opposed by the Han people in Liaodong. In particular, Nurhachi's wrong policy towards the Han people in Liaoshen region aroused their dissatisfaction and fear in the late Jin and early Ming dynasties, thus prompting Ningyuan soldiers and civilians to resist the invasion of the late Jin army to the death. Western artillery was a basic factor for Yuan Chonghuan's victory and Nurhachi's failure.

Militarily, after nearly three years, Jin soldiers did not have a big field battle, so they were really lazy, and the soldiers had no fighting spirit and were poorly equipped. Busy cleaning up the house, not making military preparations. During the Ming Dynasty, Yuan Chonghuan actively prepared for war, built cities, armed guns and trained horses-forming a defense line in Ning Guan. Later, Kim fought an unprepared battle, which was the most taboo for military strategists.