Review outline of the main courses of People's Education Press in the second semester of the second day of junior high school

Too many. By the way, I will give you a website

/question/93936759.html？ Si= 1 Chinese final review outline and questions

/question/28959 197.html？ Si=2 physical and political final review outline

/question/56329464.html？ Si=3 Final Review Outline of Historical Geography (People's Education Edition)

A letter to Zhu

original text

The wind and smoke are clean, and the Tianshan Mountains are colorful. Floating from the stream, anything. From Fuyang to Tonglu, it is unparalleled in the world.

The water is blue, and thousands of feet bottoms out. You can swim with the fine stones and look directly at them. If fierce wave is in a hurry, the arrow will fly faster.

On the high mountain near the coast (the current new textbook uses "Zhang"), the cold tree was born, and the negative potential competed for the high-fingered peak. The spring stirs the stone and keeps ringing; Good birds sing, they rhyme. Cicadas are endless, and apes are endless. People flying in the sky, watching the peaks rest; He who is in charge of the affairs of the world looks at the valley and forgets to betray. The horizontal branches are covered, and the day is still faint; The thin strips set each other off, and sometimes the sun shines.

notes to a text

1 From Collection of Literature and Art (Zhonghua Book Company, 1982 Edition), Volume 7. Wu Jun (469-520), uncle. Xing Wu passed away (now Anji County, Zhejiang Province). Liang writers and historians in the Southern Dynasties.

2. All: All

3. Net: Exhausted

4.*** Color: Same color. * * *, same

5. Go with the flow: (by boat) Go with the flow. Follow, follow, follow.

6. To: To

7. X: It means approximate quantity.

8. Unique: Unique

9. Light blue: turquoise.

10. Fast flowing water.

1 1. look straight: keep looking, there is no obstacle. Describe water as clear and transparent.

12. Extraordinary arrows: more than arrows, faster than arrows. What: better than.

13. If: It seems so.

14. Ben: This refers to a galloping horse.

15. Cold tree: a cold-resistant tree that grows green.

16. contending with negative potential: (mountain) contending with mountain potential. Negative: by virtue. Competition: competition

17. Feng Xuan: Gao Yuan. Used here as a verb, it is much higher than height.

18. Point directly above. Refers to: upward.

19. Qianfeng: It means to form countless peaks.

20. Impulse: Impulse

2 1. Make a crisp sound. Lingling, onomatopoeia, describes the clarity of underwater sound.

22. Xiangming: Harmony without difference.

23.(yρng) Rhyme: It means that the sound is harmonious and beautiful. Melody, birdsong. Rhyming, harmonious voice.

24. Kilograms: Long-term continuous calls. Thousands means a lot. Turn, the same as "Yi", the bird is euphemistic.

25. Endless: it means "endless" and does not disappear. As opposed to "not poor" in the previous sentence. Here refers to cicada singing.

26. Kites fly to the sky: It means eagles fly to the sky. Here, this sentence is used to describe those who strive for fame and fortune. According to ancient records, a kite is a bird similar to an owl. Some people say it is a fierce bird, similar in shape to an eagle. Crime, to.

27. Look at the peak and relax: Seeing the peak here will calm down the pursuit of fame and fortune. Rest: Calm down.

28. Handler: A person who handles government affairs. Economy, planning and management.

29. Forget the valley: When you see (these beautiful) valleys, you will linger. Reverse: Pass it back. Peep: Look.

30. Cross-sectional shadow: Trees with cross slopes have shadows on them. Ke, zhi. Cover: cover

3 1. It is still yellow during the day: even during the day, it is as black as dusk. Daytime: Daytime. Jude: I still like it

32. Meet each other: sparse branches cover each other. Cross: mutual.

33. See you: See you with "now".

34. Day: Sun, sunshine.

translate

The wind stopped, the smoke completely dissipated, and the sky and the distant mountains showed the same color. (I'm in the same boat) Go with the flow, go with the flow. From Fuyang to Tonglu, it is about 100 Li, and the unique landscape is unique in the world.

The river is turquoise, and deep water can be seen at the bottom. You can see the fish and the beautiful stones clearly, and keep looking without any obstacles. The rushing water is faster than an arrow, and the surging waves are as fierce as galloping horses. Cold-resistant evergreen trees grow in the mountains on both sides of the river, and the mountains are leaning upward and higher; Straight up, forming hundreds of peaks. The spring rushed to the stone and made a crisp sound; Beautiful birds are singing to each other, and their songs are harmonious and beautiful. Cicada sings for a long time (in the tree), and ape sings all the time (in the mountain). Those who pursue fame and fortune like eagles fly to the sky will calm down when they see these magnificent peaks; People who deal with government affairs will linger when they see these beautiful valleys. Oblique branches cover it, even during the day, it is as dark as dusk, and sparse branches cover each other, and sometimes the sun can be seen.

Biography of Mr. Wu Liu

original text

I don't know who Mr. Wang is or what his last name is. There are five willows near the house because they think they are numbered. Quiet, quiet, don't be greedy. Good reading, not asking for a solution; Whenever I know something, I will happily forget to eat. Alcoholic, poor family is often not available. Know from the old, or buy wine to recruit. Make a glass of wine (zhé) and you will get drunk in the future; Since he retired drunk, he has not hesitated to stay. Interlocking, can't cover the wind. Short brown knot, empty ladle. Yan (Yan) is like this. I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition. Regardless of gains and losses, die because of it.

Zan: The wife of Qian (qián) Building has a saying: "Don't worry about poverty, don't worry about wealth." That's ridiculous (chóu)? Take pleasure in writing poems. There is no Wyeth (yú)? Ge ren (yú)? [Edit this paragraph] Translation

Mr. Wu Liu doesn't know where he comes from or his name. Because there are five willows beside the house, I made my own number with them. He is quiet, seldom talks, and is not greedy for wealth. He likes reading, but he doesn't work hard on words. Whenever he understands the meaning of this book, he is so happy that he even forgets to eat. He is addicted to alcohol, his family is poor, and he often has no alcohol to drink. Old friends know his situation and sometimes invite him to drink. As soon as he comes, he will drink to his heart's content. I hope he will get drunk. Go home when you are drunk. Come on, let's go. The shabby room is deserted and can't cover the wind and sunshine. There are many patches on the coarse coat, and the rice basket and ladle are often empty, but he is at ease. I often write articles to amuse myself, and I also reveal my interests little by little from the articles. He never cared about gains and losses, so he ended his life.

Praise: "Mrs. Qian Lou once said:' I am not poor, and I am not keen on getting rich and being an official.' Judging from this, he should be Mr. Singing poetry while drinking, I feel extremely happy for my firm ambition. Is he probably a man without wise, or a man under Ge Shitian? "

words explanation

[1] Why: Where, where.

[2] Unknown: I don't know. Learn more.

[3] Factor: This is the number. Because, therefore; Think, do. The modal particle Yan is equivalent to "one". No, no. ..

(4) Li Rong: Honor, parting from the land.

[5] Not seeking thorough understanding: it means only seeking to understand the meaning of the book you read, and not clinging to the explanation of every word. What: excessive.

[6] knowledge: refers to understanding the meaning of the book.

(7) Sex: human nature.

(8) Addiction: hobby, like.

(9) Pro-old: relatives and friends. Dear, relatives. Old, here refers to old friends, old friends and old friends.

(10) So: it refers to the above-mentioned "sexual alcoholism, poor family, often not available".

(1 1) or: sometimes.

(12) Buy wine: prepare wine.

Zhao Zhi: Invite him.

(14) Try to make a drink: go and have a good drink. Build, go, go, go. Do it, just; After drinking, it means after drinking.

[15] You will get drunk in the future: I hope you get drunk. Period, expectation, hope.

(16) from:

〕17 〕 I didn't hesitate to stay: it shows that Mr. Wu Liu has a frank attitude. Drink when he comes, and then leave. No I don't. Used before "no" to strengthen the negation of expectations. Stingy and reluctant. Staying means leaving.

[18] The ring block (D incarnation) is bare: the humble room is empty. The ring is blocked and surrounded by earth walls, describing a simple living room. Bare: cold and empty.

〕19 〕 Short brown (hè) knotting: the coarse coat was patched. A short brown coat made of coarse cloth. Knotting means there are holes and patches in the clothes.

(20) Yan (Yan) such as: enjoy yourself. Yan, calm and comfortable. For example, the adjective suffix is equivalent to "ran".

(21) (dā n) Piaokong: describes poverty and difficulty in eating. Bamboo baskets are round bamboo utensils used to hold rice in ancient times. Spoons, drinking utensils. Repeatedly empty, often empty.

[22] entertain yourself: make yourself happy.

(23) Forgetting: Never mind, forgetting.

From the end: I have lived my whole life. End, end, end.

(25) Praise: The ancients often used it at the end of biographical articles to express their evaluation of biographies.

[26] Qian (formerly qián) Building: During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a man in the State of Lu who had no intention of becoming an official and repeatedly resigned as a vassal. After his death, Ceng Zi went to offer condolences, and Qian Lou's wife praised Qian Lou for being "sweet and humble, regardless of wealth". Seeking benevolence and benevolence, seeking righteousness and getting righteousness. "

[27] Sorrow: The emergence of anxiety.

[28] Gigi: I look anxious.

[29] Extreme words: Investigate what she said. Z: Here you are. Refers to Mr. Wu Liu. If people.

(30) Extreme: inference.

(3 1) Zi: pronoun, which refers to Mr. Wu Liu.

(32) Ruoren: Such a person refers to Qian Lou.

(33) Zhuo: Class.

(34) Holding a cup refers to drinking. wineglass

(35) Enjoy yourself: make your emotions happy. Making ... fun. Ambition, mind, ambition

Shuo Ma

original text

Where there is Bole, there is a swift horse. A thousand miles away, there are not many boles. Therefore, although there is a famous horse, it is only humiliated by a slave, and it is not called a thousand miles to die in a trough.

A horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all. People who eat horses don't know that they can travel thousands of miles and still eat. This is a horse. Although it has the ability to travel thousands of miles, it looks beautiful only because of lack of food and physical strength, and it is impossible to wait with an ordinary horse. Why not ask it to travel thousands of miles?

If you don't follow the way, you can't make the best use of it, but if you sing it, you can't understand its meaning. If it is implemented, we must face it and say, "There are no horses in the world!" Oh! Is it really innocent? I really don't understand horses! [Edit this paragraph] Note

I. Explanation of words

1, Bole: Spring and Autumn people, surnamed Sun, named Yang, good at looking at horses.

2. Humiliated only in the hands of slaves: humiliated only in the hands of the groom. Humiliated: humiliated.

3. sudden death: die side by side. Parallel: Two horses ride side by side. Trough: the food container of animals, and it is stable. Low valley: stability

4, not called a maxima: not because it is a maxima. Be famous by virtue of.

5. Horses travel thousands of miles: horses (among them) can travel thousands of miles. , auxiliary words. The words "horse" and "thousands of miles away" are part of the double referential relationship.

6, a food (shí): eat a meal. Or: sometimes. Eat a stone: Eat a stone of food. All, all, used as a verb here, means "eat up" millet: in ancient times, ten buckets were used as stones to feed horses.

7, food: the same as "food", food. In the following, the words "eat" and "eat" are both pronounced as "si".

8, its: refers to a swift horse, pronoun. Able to take Wan Li Road: able to take Wan Li Road. (Attributive postposition, no translation. )

9. Yes, this is a demonstrative pronoun.

10, ability: ability.

1 1, talent is beautiful: talent and strengths cannot be displayed. Look, use "now" to show it.

12, and: still. Desire: want, want. Attendant: Very good. Unavailable: impossible. Get, can, means that objective conditions permit.

13, An: How, where, interrogative pronoun.

14, policy: the original meaning refers to the whip, and the noun here is used as a verb, which is translated as: beating with a whip. It refers to a swift horse, a pronoun. Take the right path (catch a swift horse).

15, make the best use of everything: make the best use of everything. Material, like "talent", refers to the ability to walk Wan Li Road.

16, Ming: the horse barks, it: does not translate (turn). Convey its meaning: connect with its heart.

17, policy: holding a whip. Policy, whip, noun. Professor: Let's face it. Pro: facing a maxima.

18, alas: expressing lament, alas.

19, which: don't, express rhetorical tone.

20. It can be translated as "I am afraid".

Second, interchangeable words.

(1) Horse eater: "Eat" by feeding, feeding.

(2) Only beauty is invisible: "seeing" is universal and expressive.

(3) You can't make the best use of what you eat: "Material" is a generalist.

(4) There is no horse evil: "evil" is omnipotent. Is it equivalent to express doubt?

Third, the different meanings of ancient and modern times.

This is an old meaning: this. Example: Although he can walk Wan Li Road, he is a horse.

Modern significance: trial words.

An Guyi: What's the matter? For example, encore can travel thousands of miles.

Today's meaning: safety; Stability; Installation.

Equal ancient meaning: the same. For example, it is impossible to wait for a horse.

Today's meaning: wait; Used after personal pronouns and nouns to indicate plural or enumeration.

Fourth, the word is polysemy.

Although there are thousands of miles of ability: yes.

Thousands of miles away: structural auxiliary words

Policy does not depend on its way: pronoun, it, in this article refers to a swift horse.

Speak without understanding its meaning: auxiliary words, do not translate

Although the ability is thousands of miles: talent, ability

Ann asked him about his ability to fly thousands of miles: yes.

Policy is not in its own way: whipping.

Follow the policy: spur

If you don't understand the meaning, say: conjunctions indicate a turning point, but

Adhere to the policy and face the policy: conjunctions, adverbials and predicates

If you don't have enough food and strength, you will be beautiful: eat, verb.

You can't make full use of what you eat: feed, verbs.

Therefore, although there is a famous horse: even if

Although there are thousands of miles: although

Really innocent: really?

I really don't know anything about horses.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) notional word

A swift horse-a horse that travels thousands of miles every day. This article refers to talents.

Bole-a man who is good at watching horses. This article refers to a person who knows talents.

Insult-humiliation

Parallel-one or two horses tied together.

Say-famous

A meal.-a meal.

Horse eater.-Hello.

Talent and beauty-the quality of talent and beauty

Look-show it outside, "look" through "now"

Equal-equal, same

ordinary

Yes-this kind, as a pronoun.

Strategy-whip the horse with a whip

Implement policy-whip

Tao method

try one's best

Material-through "talent", ability

new new

know well

Wait, wait, wait

Face to face

Know-recognize, understand

Sixth, function words

And-table turning point, but

So-so.

In-in

Structural auxiliary word of "zhi"

Use-use

Even though-even though

Or sometimes

Its generation "maxima"

Ann.-What?

(Policy) 1-As a pronoun, it stands for a swift horse.

According to, according to

(Ming) ambition-auxiliary word, meaningless [edit this paragraph] translation

Only when there is Bole in the world can there be a swift horse. There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. Therefore, even a very strong horse, in the hands of the groom, is only humiliated, and died in the stable with ordinary horses, and can not get the title of swift horse.

A horse that travels thousands of miles a day can sometimes eat a stone of grain at a meal, and the person who feeds the horse doesn't know how to feed it according to the nightclub where it travels thousands of miles a day. Although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles a day, its food intake and physical strength are insufficient, and its talent and good quality will not be shown. If it is impossible to be on an equal footing with an ordinary horse, how can it be required to travel thousands of miles every day?

Driving it doesn't follow the method of driving a swift horse, and feeding it can't be the best. It barks, but it can't understand him. Standing in front of it with a whip, it said, "There is no swift horse in the world!" "alas! Is there really no maxima? I'm afraid they really don't know maxima!

Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang

original text

I was addicted to [1] when I was young. If the family is poor, there is no way [2] to publish a book [3] to read. Every time I borrow a book from the library [4], I will take my own notes and count the days. It's cold, the inkstone is hard, the fingers can't bend and stretch, and they are lazy [5]. Send it away after recording, and dare not exceed the appointment [6]. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books. Crown [7] is also the way of saints. Suffering from [8] ownerless celebrities and tourists [9], I tried [10] to go to [1 1] a hundred miles away, and I went from my hometown to [12] to ask questions [13]. Xianda Delong looked at the statue [14], and his disciples filled his room [15], and his words did not drop slightly [16]. Yu Lishi assisted the suspect [17] and leaned over to ask questions [18]; Or when he scolds [19], the more respectful and polite he is [20], and he dare not say a reply [21]; [22] Once you are happy, please. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.

When I was a teacher, I dragged myself into the deep mountain valley, where the winter was poor, the wind was strong, the snow was several feet deep and my skin was chapped. When I arrived at the house [26], the four branches [27] were too stiff to move, and people [28] poured the soup and covered it for a long time. If you travel against the trend [29], the owner will eat again every day, and there is no taste of fresh fat. All the students are all embroidered, wearing hats decorated with Zhu Yingbao, wearing a circle of white jade around their waist, a sword on the left and a smelly face on the right [30], [3 1] like a god; The rest of me wears a robe [32]. In the meantime, I have no good feelings. Those who have had enough fun in it don't know that the mouth [33] is not like a person. My efforts and efforts are probably like this.

Although I am old and have no achievements, I am fortunate to be among the gentlemen. But I was honored by the son of heaven, and after I was appointed as a consultant, I had to wait for one day, and all countries called him by the wrong name. What else?

Today, students learn from imperial academy [37], and the county magistrate [38] has a little support. My parents are 38 years old and have a legacy of Qiu Ge, and they are not afraid of freezing. Sit downstairs and recite "poems" and "books" without running around; If you have a teacher, the doctor [39] is a teacher, and if you don't ask, you can't get what you want; There should be all the books here. There is no need for others to record them and read them later. If the industry is not refined, the morality is not successful, and the nature is not inferior, then the heart is not specialized. Is it too much for others?

Dongyang Ma Shengjun was in imperial academy for two years and was called a saint by the younger generation [40]. Yu Dynasty's capital [4 1] was born in a hometown. Write [42] a very long book, very eloquent. On the other hand, characters and colors are different [43]. When you say you are young, you need to make a lot of efforts to study. Yes, it can be described as a studious person. He was going home to visit his parents, and I told him about the difficulties in his studies. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow villagers are all scholars, and so is Yu. Those who laugh at me and brag about the prosperity of opportunities [44] and are arrogant to the villagers, I am afraid that the rest are all right! [Edit this paragraph] Note

[1] Addiction: special hobby.

[2] No way: No way.

[3] writing a book: get a book, here refers to buying books.

[4] borrow: borrow. "Fake" also means borrowing.

[5] Fu's laziness: that is, Fu is lazy, does not slack off, and does not relax when copying books. "Zhi" is the object of "laziness" and refers to "recording".

[6] Go: Run.

[7] overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.

[8] Coronation: In ancient times, when a man was twenty years old, he was crowned (wearing a hat) to show his manhood. This means twenty years old.

[9] Suffering from: worry and anxiety.

[10] Master: A knowledgeable teacher. Shuo, Da.

[1 1] taste: once.

[12] trend: running towards.

[13] Xianda: a moral and learned elder.

[14] Inquiry: Ask for advice. Knock on the door and ask.

Delong Wang Zun: Noble morality and prestige.

The disciples crowded his room: the students crowded his room. Master, apprentice, student. To fill, block. It means crowded here.

[17] Word color: words and faces.

[18] aid doubts: ask questions and ask the truth. Help, leadership and advice. Quality, inquiry

[19] Bend down and slant your ears to ask: Bend down and slant your ears (to show respect and concentration) for advice.

[20] reprimand: reprimand, reprimand.

[2 1] To: Deliberate.

[22] A: This refers to defense.

[23] as long as: wait.

[24] negative basket (qiè) dragging basket (xǐ): lifting the book box and pulling the shoes (indicating that the shoes are worn out).

[25] Poor winter: severe winter.

[26] chapped skin (jūn): The skin is broken due to cold and dryness.

[27] House: This refers to the school house and school.

[28] Branch: Same as "limb".

[29] Yi: a married woman. This refers to the maid.

[30] soup: hot water.

[3 1] Lying off: water and washing. Pass "wash".

[32] Traveling against the trend: staying in a hotel. Travel backwards, hotel.

[33] Smelly capacity: sachet.

[34] Ye Ran: A radiant face.

[35] robes: worn-out clothes. Weaving, old sheep. Open and shabby.

[36] The battle of mouth and body refers to the joy of food and clothing.

[37] imperial academy: imperial academy, located in Beijing, is the highest institution of learning in China.

[38] County Decree: This refers to the imperial court. Shao Lei: Schleswig, that is, the board fee.

[39] Teacher and Doctor: Teacher imperial academy and Dr. imperial academy are both instructors.

[40] Liu Dai: The same generation.

[4 1] Chao: This means going to Beijing to see the emperor after becoming an official.

[42] Write: Same as "write". Long book: long letter. Lu: It was a gift when we first met.

[43] Yi: Peace.

[44] Prosperity of opportunity: That's good to meet. This refers to the official position [edit this paragraph]

I like reading very much since I was a child. Because my family is poor and I can't buy books to read, I often borrow books from people who have books, copy them with my own pen, and count the days to return them on schedule. When the weather is particularly cold, the ink in the inkstone pool forms solid ice, and the fingers can't bend and straighten, and they dare not relax (copy books). Return the book as soon as possible after copying, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. Because of this, many people are willing to lend me books, so I can see all kinds of books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages even more. Later, I was worried that I didn't associate with masters and celebrities. Once I went hundreds of miles away and asked for advice from the local moral and learned predecessors with scriptures. The old man is highly respected, and his room is full of students who ask him for advice, but he never softens his words and expressions. I stood by and waited, asking questions, asking truth, bending over and asking with my ears sideways; Sometimes when he scolds me, my expression is more obedient, my behavior is more considerate, and I dare not say a word; He was happy and went to consult again. So although I am stupid, I can finally gain something.

When I was a teacher studying, I carried a book box and dragged my shoes in the old valley in the mountains. In the deep winter, there was a fierce cold wind, and the snow was several feet thick, and the skin on my feet was frozen and cracked. When I arrived at the hostel, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter brought me hot water to wash my hands and warm my feet, and covered me with the quilt. I spent a long time warming up. I live in a hotel, and the host only provides two meals a day, so there is nothing fresh and fat to enjoy. My classmates who live with me are all dressed in gorgeous clothes, wearing red tassels and hats decorated with precious stones, wearing rings made of white jade, with knives on the left and sachets on the right, all shining like immortals; I live among them in rags, but I don't envy them, because I have enough happiness in my heart and I don't feel inferior to others. This is probably the case with my diligence and hard work when I was studying. Although I am old now, I have achieved nothing, but fortunately, I am still among the gentlemen, bearing the honor of the son of heaven, following the emperor every day, waiting for inquiries, and praising my name inappropriately under the sun, not to mention anyone who can surpass me.

Now these students are studying in imperial academy, and the court provides meals every day. Their parents send fur robes and silk clothes every year, so they don't have to worry about freezing and starving. Sitting in a big and spacious house reading poetry books, there is no fatigue of running around; With teachers and doctors as their teachers, there are no problems that cannot be solved and no requirements that cannot be met; All the books should be concentrated here, so that I don't have to copy them myself as before, and I can borrow them from others first. (If) they are (still) poor in studies and (still) lacking in virtue, (then) it is not that (he) is low in nature, but that (he) is not single-minded with me. Is it someone else's fault?

Dongyang Ma studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers were full of praise for his talent. When I went to the capital to see the emperor, Ma Sheng greeted me as a younger compatriot and wrote a long letter as a gift. He is fluent and approachable, arguing with him, gentle in speech and modest in attitude. He himself said that he was very diligent and hard-working when he was a teenager, and he can be called a good learner! He was going home to meet his parents, and I specifically told him about the difficulty of studying. If I encourage fellow villagers to study hard, that is my ambition; If you denigrate me, brag about my experience and be proud in front of my fellow villagers, do you know me?

Talk too much.

Interviewee: 90483 1524- Trainee Magician II 2009-6-9 19:23

I said, upstairs, what are you doing with your textbook?

It's nothing special. Find a polysemous word by yourself. ), put together and carry more. If you are too lazy to look, just look for me. I QQ8369544 12.

Responder: Jiaer 1- Trainee Magician Level 2 June 9, 2009 at 20: 20.

Classical Chinese criticism

(1) Scope of review

The class is dominated by classical Chinese, with simple extracurricular content, as well as interesting narratives and philosophical essays. Reading comprehension mainly focuses on reading articles in class.

(2) Examination contents

1, pronunciation, meaning, sentence pause.

2. Correctly understand the meaning of common notional words in sentences.

3. Understand the usage of common function words in sentences.

4. Translate classical Chinese with modern Chinese.

5. Grasp the main points of the article, summarize the central meaning of the article, and write the general idea of the paragraph.

6. Be able to answer questions about the content of the text, such as understanding the content and grasping the author's thoughts and feelings.

7. Understand the main writing features and language features of the article.

(3) Examination questions

The examination of classical Chinese includes filling in the blanks, short answers, translation and choice, among which the first three are mostly.

Review method

1, accumulation

The best way to accumulate is to recite. Reciting the articles that are required to be memorized in after-school exercises can accumulate the meaning of real words, the usage of function words and the changes of various sentence patterns in classical Chinese.

Step 2: Transform

Transformation refers to the transfer ability, that is, reading other simple classical Chinese after class on the basis of reading and reciting in class.

(5) Review key points

1, interchangeable words

It is mainly noted in the article that 1-4 textbook * * * has 40 loanwords. See the handout for details.

2. Synonyms in ancient and modern times

Words with different meanings in ancient and modern times mean that they are literally the same as today's words, but in fact they are different or even opposite. Review can be analyzed from the aspects of the expansion and contraction of word meaning, the conversion of praise and criticism colors, the change of sentences, the change of single and double sounds, etc., so as to prevent the present meaning from interpreting the ancient meaning.

Son: Mr. Gu Yi, your adopted son.

Walking: Running in the ancient sense and walking in the modern sense.

Wives: spouses of old wives, children and modern men.

3. Polysemy

Polysemy means that the content words in classical Chinese have different meanings in different sentences, so we should infer them in detail when explaining them.

For example: therefore: 1, review the old and learn the new (old)

2, so it's not bad (so)

3, so many words want to die (intentionally)

4. Ask the reason

4. Understand the usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese sentences.

Common function words are: Zhi, Hu, Zhe, Ye, Yu, Yi, Er, Qi, Wei, Nai, etc.: ① Used as pronouns, referring to people, things, things, time, places, etc.

(2) As verbs to, go.

(3) As a structural auxiliary word

(4) As an auxiliary word, there is no translation of subject and predicate.

⑤ Tone auxiliary words do not need to be translated into syllables.

6. Other auxiliary words can't be translated into a horse.

5. Skills of translating classical Chinese sentences

Translation needs to be accurate and fluent. Accuracy means that translation should conform to the original intention as far as possible, and content cannot be added or subtracted at will. Fluency means that the translation should be coherent and fluent and conform to the grammatical norms of modern Chinese. Special attention should be paid to the flexible use of parts of speech, polysemy, different meanings in ancient and modern times and false words in translation. In addition, remember the five points.

(1), "Liu" All proper nouns such as dynasty, year, name, place name and official position can be retained.

② "Change" replaces classical Chinese words with corresponding modern words.

(3) "Complement" supplements the omitted or implied contents in ancient concise sentences.

(4) "Delete" to delete meaningless or unnecessary function words in classical Chinese sentence patterns.

⑤ "Diao" is to change the special word order in classical Chinese sentences according to the requirements of modern Chinese word order.

6. Reading points of texts and speech paragraphs

(1), define the basic elements according to different styles.

The cause and effect of time, place, people and events should be clearly stated in the narrative.

② The object, content, order and method to be clearly stated in the description text.

③ Arguments, arguments and argumentation methods should be clearly defined in argumentative writing.

(2), draw a hierarchical structure, and gradually summarize and analyze.

We should grasp some transitional words or summary sentences in the article to analyze the article.

(3) Analyze and summarize the author's viewpoints, attitudes and ideological tendencies.

The author's point of view is the author's understanding and view of the events mentioned in the article, which is generally a lyric sentence in the article. We should not only affirm its positive significance, but also treat its negative factors realistically. The author's thoughts and feelings usually include: ① homesickness and patriotism; ② Ideal, sentiment and ambition; ③ Love life, nature and the motherland; 4 affection, friendship and love; ⑤ sympathize with the working people; (5) exposure of social darkness; Expression of dissatisfaction with social reality; 5 incompetence, depression and anger.

(4) Analyze the writing features and language features of the article.

The characteristics of (1) writing can be started from the aspects of expression, structural characteristics and rhetorical methods.

(2) Language features can start with words and sentence patterns. In addition, poetry can also be considered from the aspects of phonology and rhythm.