The Cultural Origin of Huandou

There are many theories about the origin of China's classical civilization, among which the theory of four elements is more attractive. Represented by legend as follows:

Dongyi+Nanman+Xirong+Beidi → Central Plains

In addition, there are Meng's "three-body theory" and Xu's "three-group theory". Southern Homo erectus who used the wisdom of Baise stone axe in Paleolithic Age (800,000-700,000 years ago) —— Dao, Changshengtian and Sam in Wushan area (6.5438+0.4 million years ago )—— Yuchanyan in Daoxian County, Paleolithic Site (6.5438+0.4 million years ago ——2. 1. Ma Zhu, Guanting Township, Linli County) -Prehistoric rice-growing site south of the Yangtze River (654.38+0 million years ago)-Pengtoushan culture (9600-8200 years ago)-Jiahu culture (9000 -7700 years ago, the direct ancestor of the Central Plains), Chengbei Creek site (. The direct ancestor of Dongyi)-Tangjiagang Site (7000-6000, the hometown of white pottery), Chengtou Mountain City Site (the oldest urban site in China, symbolizing the emergence of civilization, 6500-4000) and Daxi Culture (6400-5300). Around this time, the ancestors of the northern land (the worship of gods, fire and matriarchal moved to the desert grassland in the north)-Lingjiatan site (5600-5300, Huaiyi direct line), Xuejiagang culture (5500-4800, Shanyue direct line), Qujialing culture (5000 -4000) and Shijiahe culture. Later, it entered the Northern Expedition and Bronze Age (about 4000 years), Sanxingdui Bronze Area, Hunan and Jiangxi Bronze Area, Central Plains Shang Bronze Area (4000-3000 years), Chu Culture Formation (3000-2000 years) and Han Culture Formation (2000-present).

After China entered the bronze age, Dawenkou culture (6300-4500, a branch of Dongyi culture) flourished in Qing and Xu countries, and Jingzhou Daxi culture also flourished. Daxi culture is divided into two branches, the northern branch is called Guanmiao Mountain type, which is mainly distributed in the Yangtze River in western Hubei and its tributaries Qushui and Zhangshui. Its southern branch is called Tangjiagang type, which is mainly distributed along the Dongting Lake in northern Hunan, and the Lishui River Basin is the most dense. 1996, the world's earliest ancient rice fields were discovered in Chengtou Mountain, Lixian County, and the earliest ancient city ruins in China were also discovered, around 4500 BC. It was at this time that the Rong nationality defeated the Fuxi nationality in the Puyang War. "In the Hanshui River Basin in Hubei Province and Xishui in Henan Province, there are scattered settlements of Banpo and Miaodigou residents" ("General History of China Bai Shouyi"), presumably because the Rong people pursued Shennong along Hanshui River and Xishui River after the battle of Puyang, forcing him to leave Yuzhou; Shennong had to go south in large numbers, struggle with the primitive nationalities in northern Hunan, collect their rice planting techniques, and form the northern branch of Daxi culture. The primitive ethnic group in northern Hunan once built a city to resist, and was impacted by Shennong culture to form the south branch of Daxi culture. In the primitive period, the indigenous people in the Lingnei area merged with the Vietnamese, Yanhuang people, Tai Hao people, Rongqiang people, Pangu people and other ethnic groups who migrated from the north, forming the Guyue people, Manchu people, Miao people, Yao people, Li people and other ethnic groups.

In addition, some scholars pointed out that a branch of Huangdi Group developed to Yichang area in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in an earlier period, and intermarried with the indigenous people in Xilingxia area, resulting in the "Changyi ethnic group", which was proved by archaeology, that is, "the influence of Yangshao culture southward on Daxi cultural center may have the historical background of the legends of Huangdi and Leizu". The influencing factors of Yangshao culture (Banpo culture and Miaodigou culture) can be clearly seen in Daxi culture and Youziling culture in the north of the Yangtze River, and gradually weaken from north to south, but have basically disappeared in the south of the Yangtze River.

The cultural period of Qujialing in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was generally unified, and after a period of relative stability, it entered the cultural period of Shijiahe, at which time the cultural outlook of the whole middle reaches of the Yangtze River changed greatly. There is a cultural break between "post-Shijiahe culture" and Shijiahe culture, which seems to explain the conquest of the Central Plains by the "Three Miao" in Yao, Shun and Yu periods.

And "Historical Records of Chu Family" said: "It is very meritorious to be born in fire for Di Ku Gao Xin and to be able to blend into the world. Di Ku is called Zhu Rong. " Di Ku's noble spirit is Emperor Shun, which shows that Chongli and Emperor Shun lived in the same era. "Under the Mandarin Chu Language" says: "The ancients did not distinguish between man and god ... and ... mixed with man and god ... Zhuan Xu accepted it, but ordered Nan Zheng to attach importance to heaven and fire, so that the old days could be restored without infringement. Amazing and talented. " Here, Zhuan Xu is just a mistake of Shundi, and the perfection of heaven and earth is just a myth. There is no difference between the Southern Expedition and the Fire Expedition. It is worth noting that Chong and Li split into two. We noticed that Juzhu, Zhangzhong and Lili are all combinations of near-phonetic characters, so we came to the conclusion that Zhongli is actually a combination of the north and south branches of Daxi culture.

In The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wild East longitude, we have a combination of similar sounds: Zhu Zhu, Chong Zhong and Rong, so the so-called Zhu Rong refers to Shennong whose surname is Rong. The Wild South Classic also mentions inflammation and fusion, which is a synonym for Zhu Rong. I wish that since inflammation can be used instead, and inflammation and fusion are close, then this person's real name must be fusion. During the Yao and Shun period, there were three Miao people in Dongting Lake in Hunan and Yanghu Lake in Jiangxi, also known as Miao people. Yao and Shun recruited Miao Man and moved some of the rebels to Sanxing (now Dunhuang, Gansu), some stayed behind and some moved to Lingnan. The barbarians are distributed in the south of the Yangtze River, and they are descendants of the local Paleolithic people. Later, they joined the clan that moved from the Yellow River basin. "Manzhan is an ancient tribe living in the Yellow River valley in ancient China. Later, it was defeated by Qiangrong and Dongyi Alliance Group, and gradually moved southward to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and further moved to the Pearl River Basin and the Indian zhina Peninsula, so it was called Naman. "

Interpreting the Miao people in the three ancient times is a historical fact of recording the origin and migration of Miao people in western dialects today. "There are Miao people in Jishi, Northwest China" and today's "Nine Miles in the East" are completely different Miao origins. Miao nationality takes Lusheng culture as its source and witchcraft custom of offering sacrifices to ancestors as its religion. The integration of the three dialects was formed more than two thousand years later. Some Miao people left three dangerous places and moved south to the Hanshui River Basin. It won't be more than 50 years. They have been hit hard by Yu Xia War and continue to move south. The Historical Map of Ancient and Medieval China (shenyang normal Institute, 1956) indicates that the Miao family's activity area is in the Hanshui River Basin on the regional map of clan activities in the Xia Dynasty from 2 1 BC to 16 BC. This is basically the general situation after the Miao family moved south after the "Three Miao in the North" and "Five Rivers and Three Houses".

Huan Dou is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, but why is he the "King of Three Miao"? What's more, why did "people with seedlings rebel into the South China Sea"?

Guo Moruo's "Research on Ancient China Society" said: "Yao's throne cannot be passed on to Danzhu ... and Danzhu is not a wicked son. In fact, the clan Council can no longer give Dan Zhu. Dani also married another race as a son-in-law. " Yao fought Danshui, relying on Xiangdu tribe (Huan is the Stuart of Yao, one of the twelve assistant ministers); Feng Zi Dan Shui married Hu Jia and became a son-in-law.

Have no right to inherit his father Yao's inheritance. Therefore, at the meeting of Huaxia Alliance, "Yao is the king of Shun, and three seedlings are in the world." An unusually fierce struggle broke out.

The ancient legend: "Yao and Shun preach sages" is not credible. "History, Taoism and Drama" quoted "Chronicle": "Morality was lost and Shun was imprisoned." "Bamboo Book in Jizhong" "Shun usurped Yao's position, established Danzhu City, and Russia seized it." Chronology of Bamboo Book: "Shun imprisoned Yao, but restrained him from seeing his father."

Shan Hai Jing ... The potential country of the emperor in was this hairy man. "The" emperor "here is Shun after usurping the throne. He is very uneasy about Yao's son's every move. At this time, it is already the son-in-law of the former Douhu family. Shun has always believed that the "country of the three Miao people" hides a conspiracy against him, so he called the Miao people a "hidden country".

In view of the conflict of interests among tribal leaders of various clans, Shantou resolutely opposed the legalization of "usurping Yao's throne" at the meeting of the Huaxia Alliance supported by force. The result of the intersection of opposition and contradiction is that both sides use force. Xun Bing said that "Yao cut his pocket" was actually a political means for Shun to "hold the emperor to make the princes". The war seems to be quite tragic, with heavy casualties. The Jishi Miao people took advantage of the opportunity to regain their freedom and actively participated in the military actions of Shantou and Shun. After the defeat of the war, Jishi Mountain was occupied by Shun's army. Shantou led the people with Miao nationality to cross the Yellow River, "rebel and enter" and retreat in the direction of Qinghai Lake until the war was completely defeated.

Shun punished the loser, "exiled Xiangtou to Chongshan" and "threw himself at Xiangtou and died." "Shan Hai Jing Overseas Nanjing" "Guo Pu Note: Sebrina, the head of Shantou, died in the South China Sea. The emperor pitied him and sacrificed his son to live in the South China Sea." Shun's so-called "pity" is not really pity and forgiveness, but actually exiled the Shantou family to the desolate Qinghai Lake.

At the same time, the legendary Shun Di, who ruled the world with wisdom, did not intend to let go of the Miao people who had helped Xiangtou "rebel", so he took extreme measures that were extremely rare and cruel in ancient China society, and exiled a huge clan and tribe as a whole-"Three Miao and Three Dangers". Other records "Mencius Zhang Wan": "Three dangers kill three seedlings." "Authentic Classic": "Sanmiao is located in Shouyang, Longxi County, and there are three dangers." There is another cloud: "There are three dangerous mountains in the west where birds and mice share the same cave, and the three temples are located." There are still Fuxi Temple ruins in Longnan today. Terrain around the River Map: "Sanxian Mountain is in the southwest of Bird and Mouse, connected with Wenshan ... Blackwater is in the south." "The Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty": "Three seedlings came from the source of Western Qiang. And the four fierce men in the river moved to Sanwei, southwest of Heguan. " "General Code": "There are three seedlings and three dangers in the sandbar, and their descendants are Qiang Rong, who has their own land."

Textual research on the geography of poetry: "Qiang is the Jiang family, and after three seedlings, he lives in three dangers." Today's Zhan, Dang and Song States are all Qiang lands. " Stack: piled up like a mountain; Dangdang: Dangdang today. This is a land of high mountains and poor valleys.

Like the ancient Jews exiled in Babylon, some Miao people, driven by Xia Bing, left Jishi Mountain, their ancestral home, left the plain, crossed the turbulent Taohe River, and were exiled to three dangerous mountains, starting a tragic migration process that lasted for 4,000 years. "In attacking Sanmiao, Dongyi soldiers can't afford it." This shows that after Zheng Yudong invaded, he gathered a large number of princes to declare war on the Miao family on the grounds of "Miao stubborn diligence", disrespecting the king and not paying tribute. This should be a war after Shun's death. China matriarchal clan joint military leaders are elected by the whole audience, which is a double-headed military leader system. For example, Yao Shun. Yao died, and Yu was elected as the current incumbent, also Shun and Yu; Shun died, choose him to make up for the benefits, and he became a danger and a foreigner. Therefore, in the early stage of the Battle of Sanmiao, the "30-year-old Miao people did not listen to orders" and resumed classes to mobilize the brigade, which was "beneficial" and expressed support for the war. The war with Miao is very cruel.

Post-syndrome

Chronicle of the ancient bamboo book: "Three seedlings will die, there will be rain and blood, there will be ice in summer, there will be spring in the ground, and Qinglong was born in the temple, and it will go out day and night."

In the funeral ceremony of Miao nationality in western dialect, there is a "Lusheng" to guide the deceased to return to their ancestral home. "He's going to take a rooster with an hour's back, a sword, a tiger umbrella, a burning Ma Xie and flower shoes with a round bottom ... he's going to cross Qingshui River and Muddy Water River; Across the water and blood, climb the snow-capped mountains ... ". 199 1 year, Guizhou Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission organized a survey on the ethnic culture of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan dialects, and collected a guide song in Wenshan Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture of Yunnan Province: "If you want to meet your ancestors, you must go from your hometown (referring to the south), and you can only go forward without watching the sunrise and sunset. There is a snowy mountain in front of you. " Below is the plain, where your ancestors are. "Fuzzy and organized geographical coordinates provide information about the migration of Miao people in western dialects from north to south. The snow-capped mountains in Song Dynasty should be 48 1 1 m south of the ancient Three Dangers, with snow all year round.

"The days of our Miao family are over! We don't want to be slaves with Xia people! " The Miao epic "Lusheng" in northern Guizhou sings like this: "Those summer ghosts robbed our Miao family of all their belongings, burned down their houses, and blood flowed in ditches and roads. We Miao have no place to live, and we Miao have no place to stand. A leader chanted: others have a home, but our Miao family has no home. We wander around the world like iron kites and swallows. ..... Every village twists into a road and everyone goes in the same direction. " "Hand in hand, let's cross the river, hand in hand, let's cross the mountains."

Shun exiled Sanmiao and "changed customs", forcing Miao people to change their costumes, lusheng, language and other Miao cultures, but they were resisted. This historical fact is also reflected in Lusheng epic in northern Guizhou. "We speak Miao language, and people in Xia want to call names; We play lusheng, and people will scold us in summer; We wear linen clothes, and people want to mess around in summer; Miao people wear skirts, so do Xia people. Our Miao family can't stretch its waist, and our Miao family can't lift its head. " Aside from historical feelings, the epic reflects that the road to conquest depends on force, followed by virtue.