The Historical Evolution of Nubia

(From left to right: Syrians, Nubians, Libyans, Egyptians)

Prehistoric history

Prehistoric Nubia (especially Lower Nubia) is divided into several cultural periods, symbolized by letters. Ancient Egypt was called Nubian Kush. Cultural period A corresponds to the prehistory of Egypt and the ancient dynasty of the fourth dynasty (about 36th century to 25th century). According to the latest research, Cultural Period B is not actually an independent cultural period.

Cultural period C corresponds to the late ancient Egypt and the Middle Ages (from the 22nd century to16th century). In the 12 dynasty, Egypt gradually took the area north of the second waterfall of the Nile as its own. During this period, the first known black African country was established in today's Upper Nubia. At the end of the Middle Dynasty in Egypt (about 1750 BC), this country even occupied Lower Nubia, and its border extended to the Egyptian border. About 1500 years ago, the pharaohs of the new dynasty occupied Nubia until the fifth waterfall of the Nile. Until 1 1 century, the Egyptians occupied Nubia. The culture of local residents has been assimilated.

About 750 years ago (or maybe 1000 years ago), the Nubian aristocrats in Ahmed Ahmed Qurei Mai established the country, restored the name of Gukusi, and began to develop rapidly. Ethiopia occupied Egypt about 700 years ago. Nubian rulers established the 25th dynasty in Egypt. About 660 years ago, the Egyptians liberated Egypt with the help of Assyria, but Nubia still ruled southern Egypt, with its capital near today's Ahmed Ahmed Qurei Mai. About 300 years ago, the capital moved to Meroi, north of Khartoum today. During this period, Nubian culture gradually became independent, they began to use their own characters, and the local language gradually became the official language. At the latest 300 years, the Kingdom of Ethiopia collapsed, which may be due to climate change or defeat in the war with Ethiopia. Nubian slaves of 19 dynasty.

Nubia in the Middle Ages

In the 6th century, Nubia began to be Christianized, and many kingdoms appeared here. In the Middle Ages, Nubia generally used Greek letters to write the local language of Nubia. /kloc-In the 6th century, Nubia adopted Islam. Nubian and Arabic are used simultaneously.

/kloc-nubia in the 0/9th century

182 1 year, the Egyptians reoccupied Nubia and its southern White Nile with advanced European weapons. 1882 Sudan Arab uprising rebelled against Egyptian rule and occupied Khartoum. Some Egyptian troops led by British officers were defeated. The British army finally defeated the insurgents at 1898. In order to solve the supply problem of this expedition, the British built the first railway in Nubia along the Nile. Since then, Sudan (and Nubia) has become Britain's sphere of influence.

20th century and today

1955 referendum against merger with Egypt. 1956 Sudan becomes independent. Wadi Halfa became the border between the two countries, and Nubia was divided into two countries. In A.D. 1960, Aswan Dam was built in Egypt. The dam was completed in 197 1 year. After that, Lower Nubia was almost completely submerged. Under the leadership of UNESCO, local cultural buildings were moved to higher areas and preserved. Most residents of Lower Nubia were moved to the south of Upper Egypt, where many Nubian-speaking areas were formed. Today, Nubians have basically adopted Arabic culture, Nubian language still exists, and Arabic letters are used when writing.

disappear

In 250 AD, the kingdom of Nubia was beyond recognition. King Parana's huge mausoleum replaced the pyramids and was buried with his ministers, horses, camels and donkeys. In the 7th century, Nubia converted to Christianity. By the year 1400, nubia finally converted to Islam today. If Nubia's disappearance is not due to the decline of civilization, it may be due to the new immigrants who moved to the Nile Valley, but it may be neither. For centuries, archaeologists have always believed that the decline of Nubia is an unsolved mystery. The biggest reason is that Africa lacks roads and cannot cross the desert. In addition, the lack of written records, even if there are words, it is difficult to read. Therefore, most of what we know about Nubia comes from hearsay in other ancient records in China. However, regarding the decline and fall of Nubia, those ancient people were unusually silent.