The past and present of Jinghe River

Jinghe River originates from Mawei Baliang in the hinterland of Liupanshan Mountain. As soon as it came out of the source, the flood surged, passing through Baimian Town of Jingyuan County, Zi Yuan Township, Chuansha Xia Nan, entering Pingliang, Gansu Province at Liu Jiahe Dam, and reaching Gaoling County, Shaanxi Province to join the Weihe River.

Liupan Mountain Nature Reserve is 29 kilometers long with a drainage area of 23 1.49 square kilometers.

Jinghe River is the largest river in Liupanshan.

Jinghe River is famous for its clarity. Flowing thousands of miles, you can see half of it when you meet the muddy Weihe River. So the idiom "distinct" and "clear and turbid" was born.

Liupanshan created the Jinghe River, which gave birth to Liupanshan, stretching for hundreds of miles in the birthplace of Jinghe River. Maolin is full of bamboo, lush and fragrant, and is listed as a nature reserve by the state.

The third tributary of the Yellow River.

In the middle of Shaanxi Province, China.

Originated in the eastern foot of Liupanshan Mountain in southern Ningxia, there are two sources: the south source comes from Laolongtan in Jingyuan County and the north source comes from Dawan Town in Guyuan. The two sources meet at Baliqiao, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, flow through Jingchuan in the southeast, enter Changwu County, Shaanxi Province in Yangjiaping, flow to Chenjiatan, Gaoling County in the southeast, and flow into Weihe River.

The total length is 455 1km, and the drainage area is 45,400 square kilometers.

There are many tributaries, mainly Malian River, Puhe River, Heihe River, Malan River and Bahe River.

The average annual precipitation in the basin is 550 mm, mainly in summer.

Runoff is unevenly distributed during the year, and there is a great difference between high and low rainfall. The maximum flood discharge of Zhangjiashan Station on August 5th 1933 was 9200m3/s, and the minimum discharge on April 5th 1977 was only1.94m3/s. ..

The average annual runoff for many years is 2.44 billion cubic meters.

There is serious soil erosion in the basin, with annual average sediment concentration 1, 4 1kg/m3 and maximum sediment concentration 1, 430 kg/m3.

The ancients said that "Jing turbidity is clear", but only in a relative sense, the sediment concentration in Jinghe River is higher than that in Weihe River.

After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Jinghe River Basin was treated and developed, reservoirs were built in the upper and middle reaches, large-scale soil and water conservation work was carried out, and river engineering was excavated and expanded in the lower reaches.

Jinghui Canal rebuilt the dam at the head of the canal, increased the water diversion and expanded the irrigation area at the downstream.

Jinghe River is named after the residents. Jinghe River has a long history, which existed in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

According to the records of Huai 'an prefecture, in the next five years (1440), the Jinghe dam will be built and set sail.

At the beginning of Jingtai, the sluice was built and the grain was transported to Qingxian County, Yancheng.

There are many names in Shanyang County Records, such as Jinghepu, Jinghe Dongfang, Jinghe Bridge and Jinghe Pass.

There are more than 260 industrial enterprises in the town, of which 12 are key enterprises, initially forming an industrial development pattern focusing on chemical industry, industrial pumps, auto parts, agricultural and sideline products processing, wood processing and feather processing.

Jinghe legend

The Journey to the West back to Wu Cheng'en for the tenth time "The old dragon king made a mistake and made dogma. Premier Wei wrote a suicide note to entrust a ghost official ",which is the story of Jinghe Old Longtan.

Legend has it that during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, there was a drought year after year, and no grain was harvested.

Wei Zhi, the prime minister, pretended to be an old farmer, paid a private visit to the Old Longtan and believed in divination. He learned that the Jade Emperor had ordered that the Governor of Bahe River, Jinghe Laolong, would rain the next night and plant melons and beans on the cracked land.

The old dragon in Jinghe became a mortal and was very surprised when he saw it. Kevin·Z told the truth. The Dragon King didn't know that there was a decree to distribute rainwater at this time, so he made a bet with Wei Zhi to see who would win or lose.

After King Jinghe returned to the palace, he really received the imperial edict from the Jade Emperor. In order not to lose to Wei Zhi, he changed the gentle breeze and drizzle of one day and one night into the stormy rain of three days and three nights without authorization, and directly flooded.

One day, Wei Zhi suddenly fell asleep while playing chess with Li Shimin. It turned out that the Jade Emperor summoned Wei Zhi and ordered him to behead King Jinghe who violated the dogma. In his dream, Wei Zhi beheaded the old dragon in Jinghe.

100 years later, during the Zhenyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Lao Longtan interpreted Liu Yichuan's eternal story.

After the beheading of the old King Jinghe, his son succeeded to the throne. According to the jade emperor's will, the Dragon King of Dongting married his only daughter to the Little Dragon King of Jinghe, but the Little Dragon King of Jinghe was cruel and tired of the old days, and put the dragon girl on the beach of Jinghe to herd sheep.

Liu Yi, a scholar who went to Beijing to take the exam, went to Jingyang to find friends, and passed by here to meet the Dragon Lady. He helped the dragon lady to pass the book to Dongting, and her third uncle, the Dragon King Qiantang, led 3,000 troops to save her. Later, the dragon lady became a mortal and married Liu Yi.

Up to now, there is still a "dragon girl cave" under the cliff near the old Longtan.

According to legend, Jigong, a well-known living Buddha, practiced in Zhangjiatai Grottoes in Xinmin Township. When Mu was guarding Sanmen, he was wearing a shirt and swinging on the swing frame in Huanghua Township.

Jinghe Jinghe River is a secondary tributary of the Yellow River, with a total length of 455. 1 km, originating from the eastern foot of Liupanshan Mountain in Ningxia.

There are two sources, the south source is from Laolongtan, Jingyuan County, and the north source is from Dawan Town, Guyuan.

It flows westward to Baliqiao, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, eastward through Pingliang, Jingchuan and Yangjiaping to Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, then flows through Binxian, Yongshou and Chunhua, enters the Guanzhong Plain at Zhangjiashan boundary in Jingyang County, and joins the Weihe River at Chenjiatan, Gaoling.

Jinghe River Basin covers an area of 4542 1 km2, including 33 counties and cities in southeastern Ningxia, Longdong in Gansu and northwestern Guanzhong in Shaanxi, with a total population of 5.7 million and cultivated land of 20.25 million mu.

There are four types of inland landforms in the basin: mountains, hills, high mountains and plains.

The mountainous area accounts for 4.3 1%, represented by Liupanshan and Guanshan; Plateau gullies account for more than 50%.

Jinghe River Basin has a continental climate, and the rainfall and temperature gradually decrease from southeast to northwest, with an annual average rainfall of 550 mm and an annual average temperature of 10℃.

The main tributaries of Jinghe River are Malian River, Puhe River, Heihe River and Bahe River, with an average gradient of 2.47%.

The tributaries of Ningxia and Gansu provinces are concentrated, and the main stream is in the loess plateau and hilly area100-150m deep. The main stream runs from Pingliang, Gansu Province to Breakfast Head, Binxian County, Shaanxi Province, with valley 1-3 km, less water drops and more beaches. From breakfast to Zhangjiashan, Jingyang County, it is a section of100km rapids canyon, which passes through the Loki Mountain Plain composed of sandstone and limestone. The valley is steep, the water is fast and there are many dangerous beaches. This is the 800-mile Qinchuan alluvial plain, with flat terrain, stable water flow and a slope of only 1%. The soil is fertile and suitable for irrigation.

Jinghe River is famous for its fierce flood and large sediment transport (the first tributary of rivers in China), and it is one of the main sources of flood and sediment in Weihe River and Yellow River.

The average annual runoff of Jinghe River is 21.400 million cubic meters.

The annual runoff distribution is uneven.

According to the observation at Zhangjiashan Station, it is generally the peak in summer (accounting for 42.75% of the annual runoff), the average in autumn (accounting for 3 1.6%) and less in winter (accounting for 10.65 and 438+0%), and there is a great difference between flood and drought.

On August 5th 1933, the maximum flood flow of the station was 9,200m3/s (the total flood reached14.6 million cubic meters, causing a severe flood in Shaanxi); 1977 April 15 The minimum flow is only 1.94 cubic meters per second.

The difference between flood and drought is 4742 times.

Soil erosion in Jinghe River Basin is extremely serious, with an average annual sediment discharge of 3.09 tons.

The maximum sediment concentration is 1.430kg/m3, and the annual average sediment concentration is 1.4 1kg/m3, which is more than three times that of the Yellow River, and the annual average sediment transport modulus is 71.50t /km2.

Jinghe River Basin has flat terrain, developed agriculture, rich mineral resources and great potential for economic development.

Cultivated land accounts for nearly 1/3 of the total basin area, and it is a famous grain-producing area in northwest China.

Dong Zhiyuan, Gansu, is known as the "granary of Longdong".

Loess County and Jinghuiqu Irrigation District on both sides of Jinghe River in Shaanxi Province are the main commodity grain and oil bases in Shaanxi Province.

The whole basin produces wheat and corn.

It is also a famous hometown of fruits, medicinal materials, flue-cured tobacco, pears, red dates, apples, persimmons, salads and so on.

The output of bristles, wool, meat eggs and rabbit meat is also considerable.

It is also a famous concentrated production area of Qinchuan cattle and Guanzhong donkey.

There are also rich minerals such as coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale and building materials in the basin, and the coal reserves in Binxian County alone reach 654.38+000 billion tons.

There is also a lot of oil here, including the oil field named Chang (Wu) Qing (Yang).

The coal mine, petroleum, cement, tobacco, machinery, electricity, fur, flour and food industries in the basin have begun to take shape, and township enterprises have developed rapidly.

Highway trunk lines extend in all directions, which promotes the exchange of materials.

Jinghe River Basin is the birthplace of the Chinese nation, with a long history and splendid culture.

Chairman Mao's poem "Mount Liupan Mountain, Red Flag and West Wind" has long been well-known, and there are countless poems such as Guan Shanyue and Longtou Yin.

The lofty scenery is picturesque, such as Tan Sitong's poem Yizhou (now Binxian) in the Qing Dynasty;

Birds are singing under the pear tree,

Taoli Creek is red in the white.

Spring is like a sea of hundreds of miles,

This lonely city is surrounded by flowers.

The beautiful scenery here is vividly depicted.

How long have the cultural relics and historic sites in Jinghe River Basin been famous at home and abroad? 1973, the largest and best preserved stegodon fossil was found in the west bank of Lianhua River, 8 kilometers northwest of Heshui County, Gansu Province, about 2.5 million years ago.

Zhaojiacha Paleolithic Site, 45km southwest of Huachi County, is recognized as the earliest discovered paleolithic site in China.

Pingliang West Kongtong Mountain Taoist Temple, Wang Mu Palace Grottoes and South Cave Temple (Oriental Cave) in Jingchuan County.

The North Cave Temple in the south of Xifeng Town, Qingyang County is a famous ancient temple in Gansu.

Zhaoruo Temple in Tang Dynasty, Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, has a unique hall with stone tablets carved by Yu Shinan, a great calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty.

The Great Buddha Temple in the west of Binxian County was built by Li Shimin for his mother's birthday in the second year of Tang Zhen (AD 628).

This giant Buddha is 24 meters high.

Shuikou Township has Qin Tian's Fujian Tomb.

In addition, there are the tombs of Zhou people, Jiang Yuan and Gong Liu.

The Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong of Liquan County is famous at home and abroad, and the stone carving of "Six Horses in Zhaoling" is a world-famous treasure.

There are tombs of ministers, generals, concubines and princesses around Zhaoling 157.

Jingyang County has sites such as Zheng Guqu, Chongwen Pagoda in Ming Dynasty and Hui Liang Temple.

Generally speaking, Xilan Highway is the route of Guanzhong-North Line of Silk Road since Han and Tang Dynasties.

Therefore, Jinghe River Basin is one of the main tourist attractions and hot spots in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces.

The historical contribution of Jinghe River Basin is mainly the prosperity of Zhou Dynasty and the construction of Zheng Guoqu.

The Zhou Dynasty flourished in Jian 'an (now Binxian County, Shaanxi Province), and lived in Jian 'an for more than ten generations from Gongliu to Zhou Wang Tai (ancient duke Xuwen). Later, it was invaded by Rong Di to develop agriculture. Zhou Xian moved from Jian 'an to Qi, then from Jinghe River Basin to Weihe River Basin, settled in Qishan (now Qishan and Fufeng County), and then spread to.

In 1066 BC, Zhou was conquered and the Western Zhou was finally established.

Zhou Xian's ancestors lived in the Sui Dynasty, and his literature and martial arts laid the foundation for conquering and unifying China.

The Book of Songs in July gives a vivid and detailed description of farming activities, which shows that agriculture in the Western Zhou Dynasty was in a dominant position in the whole country at that time.

History calls "emphasizing agriculture and raising grains" a legacy of dry harvest.

There is still an ancient building "chanting hall" in the Xiannongtan, and there is also a "wind bridge" in the Summer Palace, which shows the far-reaching influence of Jinghe agriculture on China agriculture.

In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang began to build Zheng Guoqu in 246 BC, and it took ten years to build it. The channel is selected at the west foot of Zhongshan (now Gongtou Village, Wang Qiao Township, Jingyang County) to divert water into the channel, accepting Yuye River, Qingshui River, Zhuoyu River, Qishui River and Qushui River. Along the way.

After the completion of the canal, "more than 40,000 hectares of land were irrigated with brine, and each acre was harvested, so there was no bad year in Guanzhong" (Historical Records of the River Canal), which provided materials for Qin Shihuang to destroy the six countries and complete the great cause of reunification, and then for Liu Bang to defeat Xiang Yu and establish the Western Han Dynasty.

Zheng Guoqu, Lingqu and Dujiangyan are also called the three major water conservancy projects in Qin Dynasty.

Later, Baigong Canal in Han Dynasty, Sanbai Canal in Tang Dynasty, Fengli Canal in Song Dynasty, Wangyushi Canal in Yuan Dynasty, Guanghui Canal and Tongji Canal in Ming Dynasty, Longdong Canal in Qing Dynasty and Jinghui Canal in Republic of China were all built along the remains of Zheng Guoqu.

Jinghe River is located in the Loess Plateau.

Due to the destruction of the reactionary ruling class in the past dynasties and the over-cultivation in agriculture, the forests in the Jinghe River Basin were destroyed, and the Loess Plateau thousands of miles away from Woye was cut into pieces, forming thousands of valleys.

Serious soil erosion has caused "a stone in the Jinghe River, with countless mud", and the turbid flow of the Jinghe River is rolling, which has caused a devastating blow to agriculture.

Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once had the feeling that "Qin Shan is broken, but Jing Wei cannot be found".

The forest in Jinghe River basin has been sharply reduced, soil erosion and agricultural ecological environment have deteriorated, resulting in nine droughts in ten years.

In the eighteenth year of the Republic of China (1929 drought), there was famine in Longdong, Guanzhong.

At that time, only Shaanxi Province starved 2.5 million people and fled 400,000 people. Jinghe river basin is also an idyllic fish, with ten rooms and nine empty spaces.

After the national liberation, after more than 30 years of governance, Jinghe has undergone tremendous development and changes.

The state supports large-scale comprehensive management of soil and water conservation and the construction of water conservancy and hydropower, and has built 1000-mu terraced fields, which has turned the "three fields" for water, soil and fertilizer management into "three fields". Many fields are connected with each other, and a number of advanced models of soil and water conservation have emerged in counties, such as Zhengning County, Gansu Province, Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, and Chunhua County.

Chunhua County has afforested more than 300,000 mu, afforested more than 70% of barren hills, and built 80,000 mu of economic forest, becoming an advanced forestry county in China, which has been visited by 16 countries and regions.

Water conservancy construction has also developed rapidly, and reservoirs such as Yi Shan, Zaoqu, Chaoyang and Bajiazui have been built on thousands of tributaries of Jinghe River.

Well stations are scattered all over the place, so that some plateaus are irrigated, and the problem of water use for people and livestock is initially solved.

After the reconstruction of the head dam of Jingsheng Canal, the diversion flow was increased from 1.6m 3/s to 50 m3/s, and the double insurance of well and canal was realized. The irrigation area has been expanded from 630,000 mu to 6.5438+0.32 million mu, making it a high-yield irrigation area with a yield of thousands of kilograms per mu.

After liberation, the traffic in Jinghe River Basin has been improved.

Jingyang has built Jinghe Bridge in DuDu, Liquan Beitun, Binxian Huoshizui, Gansu Jingchuan, Pingliang and other places, and Xifeng has an airport, so the traffic is very convenient.

In recent years, industry and township enterprises have developed rapidly.

At the same time, the scenic spots and historical sites in the basin have been well protected and repaired.

Shaanxi has successively restored Xunyi Tower, Binxian Tower, Yongshou Tower, Binxian Giant Buddha Temple and water curtain cave.

Zhaoling Museum, built in Liquan County, has become the second "forest of steles" in Shaanxi Province, which is a new hot spot of tourism in xi, and the tourism industry has developed rapidly.