Russian alphabet for help

Russian (Russian: рускийязык) is one of the official languages of the United Nations and the Russian Federation, and it is also one of the official languages of ethnic minorities recognized by the Chinese people. Russian belongs to the East Slavic branch of Slavic language family. Mainly used in Russia and other member countries of the former Soviet Union. In North America, there is a considerable Russian-speaking community, especially in the urban areas of the United States and Canada, such as new york, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Miami, Chicago and Richmond Heights in the suburb of Cleveland. The Russian population in new york and Los Angeles alone is estimated to be 5,. They publish their own newspapers and live in self-sufficient areas (especially immigrants who started in the 196s).

Russian letters are variations of Cyrillic letters, with 33 letters * * *, including 1 vowels, 21 consonants and 2 silent letters, which are different from printed letters and handwritten letters. Consonants are divided into unvoiced consonants (vocal cords do not vibrate) and voiced consonants (vocal cords vibrate). In addition, Russian consonants can also be divided into soft consonants and hard consonants, and their pronunciation actions are basically the same. The main difference is that when soft consonants are pronounced, the middle part of the tongue needs to be raised to the upper jaw.

There are six vowels in Russian, which are written in different letters according to whether the preceding consonant is voiced (hard-voiced). Typical consonants appear in pairs: ordinary consonants and jawed consonants, which are traditionally called hard consonants and soft consonants (hard consonants are usually soft-jawed, especially in front of post-vowels, although in some dialects, jawed consonants are limited to hard consonants). Standard Russian is based on St. Petersburg dialect, with strong accent and moderate tone change. The stressed vowels should be lengthened, but the а, е, о, g of the unstressed vowels should be weakened, а and о should be weakened into а, while е and g should be weakened into и in the prefix and word (in northern Russian dialects, о is in unstressed syllables.

Russian is unique because most consonants have differences between hard and soft sounds. Although г, к and х are hard and soft sounds, the soft sounds кь, гь, хь of these three consonants are only spelled with еи (the only exception is "ти" Raise the middle of your tongue when pronouncing soft sounds. In the case of тьдь and дь, raise your tongue until it can generate slight friction and make a fricative sound.

The pronunciation of these 33 letters is as follows:

аа has a wide mouth, and the tongue naturally lies flat, with the tip of the tongue touching the back of the lower teeth. а is still pronounced in unstressed syllables, but и is pronounced after the soft consonants ч and щ.

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the back of ггг tongue is raised and clings to the upper jaw, forming an obstruction, and the airflow breaks through the obstruction to form a sound, and the vocal cords vibrate.

дддддддддддддддддддддддддддд17

ее is pronounced йэ in stressed syllables, и in unstressed syllables, ц, ш after hard consonants, ц, ш, э in stressed syllables and ы in unstressed syllables.

ёёё sounds йо after the prefix and vowels, and о sounds о after the hard consonants ш and ш are stress in any case.

Ф The tip of the tongue is lifted up close to the upper gingiva, forming a gap, the back of the tongue is lifted to the upper jaw, the middle part of the tongue is naturally concave, the whole tongue is spoon-shaped, the lips are slightly extended, the air flows out through the gap, the vocal cords vibrate, and the consonants become hard forever.

the front part of зз tongue is lifted up to the gum, forming a gap, and the air flows through the gap to form sound, and the vocal cords vibrate.

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the middle part of й tongue is lifted upward, forming a gap with the upper jaw, and the air flows out through the gap, and the vocal cords vibrate, which is also called semi-vowel.

the back of кк tongue is raised and clings to the upper jaw, forming an obstruction, and the air flow breaks through the obstruction to form a sound, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

лл The front part of the tongue clings to the upper gum, the back part of the tongue is raised to the upper jaw, the middle part of the tongue is naturally concave, the whole tongue is spoon-shaped, air flows out from both sides of the tongue, and the vocal cords vibrate.

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оо lips protrude forward in a round shape, and the back of the tongue is lifted upward. In unstressed syllables, pronounce а.

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ррр The tip of the tongue is slightly rolled up to the gums, and when the airflow passes, it impacts the tip of the tongue, and the tip of the tongue vibrates and the vocal cords vibrate.

The front part of my tongue is lifted up to the gingiva, forming a gap, and the air flows through the gap to make sound, but the vocal cords do not vibrate.

The front part of тттттттттттттттттттттттттттт

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Ф Ф The upper teeth lightly stick to the lower lip, forming a gap. The air flows through the gap and rubs into sound, but the vocal cords do not vibrate.

ххх The back of the tongue is raised, and it is close to the upper jaw to form a gap. The air flow rubs through the gap to form a sound, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

цц The tip of the tongue clings to the upper gingiva, forming an obstruction. When the airflow passes, the obstruction turns into a gap, and the airflow rubs through the gap to form a sound. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the consonants are always hard.

ччч lips are slightly rounded, and the front of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming a gap. The air flows through the gap to form a sound, and the vocal cords do not vibrate, and the soft consonants are always made.

шш The tip of the tongue is lifted up close to the upper gingiva, forming a gap, the back of the tongue is lifted up to the upper jaw, the middle part of the tongue is naturally concave, the whole tongue is spoon-shaped, the lips are slightly extended, the air flows out through the gap, the vocal cords do not vibrate, and the consonants are always hard.

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ъ hard tone symbol, which is not pronounced by itself, is used in front of vowels е, ё, ю, я to separate sounds. It is often used after a prefix ending with a hard consonant to connect the roots headed by е, ё, ю and я.

ы The middle part of the tongue is slightly backward, the back part of the tongue is raised, and the lips are extended to both sides.

ь soft consonant symbol, which means that the preceding consonant is made into a soft consonant, that is, a semi-vowel /j/ is added after it. If it is used before vowels е, ё, и, ю, я, it plays the role of sound separation, indicating that the preceding consonants should be pronounced separately from the following vowels. In loanwords, the soft sound symbol ь can also be written in front of о, when о is pronounced ё. Of course, it can also be used after Ф, ч, ш and щ, when ш and ш are still hard.

ээ The front part of the tongue is lifted to the upper jaw, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the mouth is half open, and the lips are stretched to both sides.

юю sounds йу after the prefix and vowel.

яя is pronounced йа in stressed syllables and и in unstressed syllables after the prefix and vowel.

Russian, like English, has a wide vocabulary, with the oldest words inherited from the original Indo-European language. Words produced in the primitive Slavic language period and the Eastern Slavic language period; Words produced since the independent development of Russian in the 14th century. In addition, Russian has borrowed many foreign words in various historical periods. Loanwords in the field of Russian science and technology were mostly borrowed from German in the early 18th century, French in the 19th century, and English after the middle of the 2th century, mainly American English. Since the 195s, the international use of Russian has obviously expanded.

The characteristic of Russian grammatical structure is that it is a strong inflectional language, and the grammatical relationship between words and the grammatical function of words in sentences are mainly expressed by the changes of word forms. Russian is one of the languages in Indo-European language family that retains many changes in ancient glyphs. Countable nouns mostly have 12 forms, and singular and plural nouns each have 6 cases, namely, the first case, the second case, the third case, the fourth case, the fifth case and the sixth case (uncountable nouns have only six forms); Adjectives have more than 2 or even more than 3 forms, with 6 cases for singular masculine, neuter, feminine and plural, and short tail, comparative and superlative. Verb forms can be one or two hundred, including aspect (imperfect tense and perfect tense), tense (present tense, past tense and future tense), state (active voice and passive voice), form (statement, imperative and conditional), infinitive, adverbial verb and so on. Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and adverbs) can generally be divided into two parts: stem and suffix. Stem indicates the lexical meaning of words; The suffix indicates grammatical meaning, and usually a suffix contains several grammatical meanings.

As long as you study hard, you can learn Russian well. I hope I can help you.

I hope I can help you solve your doubts.