The content of Sacdina system

In order to survive and develop, human beings should first solve two basic problems, namely, the production of means of subsistence and human reproduction. Thai ancestors are no exception. For Thai rulers, controlling the means of subsistence and people also controls the lifeline of national survival and development. The ruler's strategy of governing the country is embodied in the Sadina system that Siam has been implementing in history. Sadina system is the land enfeoffment system in Thai history, which grants land according to grades. In Thai,/Saadi means power, moral aspiration,/Nazhitian. Thailand is a country with a farming tradition. For Thais whose early production and life revolved around agricultural cultivation, the possession of land means the possession of wealth, social status and political rights.

When did the Sadina system begin? Up to now, there are different opinions in academic circles. According to historical records, Dale Rogana (1448- 1488), the eighth king of Dacheng Dynasty (135- 1767), reformed the Sardina system by legislation, which remained the core of the ruling system until the end of the 19th century. In the Sardina system, the king owns the land of the whole country, officials and members of the royal family have no salary, and the king grants different amounts of land according to titles. The crown prince occupies up to 1, lai of land, while the number of princes, dukes, marquis, earl, nuns, bhikkhus, wanhuhou, shami and documents decreases step by step, with 25 lai of civilians and 5 lai of slaves. However, the actual amount of land occupied by people from all walks of life is not equal to the prescribed amount.

Before the 19th century, a great feature of Thailand's land system was that the land could not be bought and sold freely, and the landlord only enjoyed the right to use the land and control the corresponding number of people attached to the land. Therefore, the Sardina system was actually a dependent people system, with different titles and different numbers of dependent people. The number of dependent people also means the difference in wealth, status and power. The dependent people in the Sadina system are civilians and slaves. The duty of slaves is to do chores and housework for Nai (the chief), and the sources are mainly prisoners of war and debt slaves. Civilians are the most important dependent people, and the responsibility of military service and corvee mainly falls on them. The Dacheng dynasty stipulated that domestic civilians should be recruited at the age of 18, serve for two years and become active soldiers until they retired at the age of 6. When there is no war, active soldiers must serve for six months every year, in order to cultivate the land and bring their own food. There has always been a demand for dependent people in the history of Thai society that implements Sadina's rule system. When Sukhothai (1238- 1438), the first political country of the Thai nation, was established more than 8 years ago, its population was still very sparse. In the traditional agricultural society, the population is directly related to political power and national wealth, and all previous dynasties regarded the protection and expansion of human resources as a major event. /

In the conflicts with neighboring countries in Thailand's history, the winners always take away a large number of prisoners and residents, and sometimes the villagers in the whole village are threatened to settle in the victorious country until they marry the local people and reproduce. In order to further make up for the lack of dependent people, the rulers included settled foreigners in the ranks of civilians, mainly Chinese and Indians. Every civilian must register with a foreign country and obey its jurisdiction. Foreigners can pay taxes instead of serving. Due to the potential demand for foreigners in the Thai society that implements the Sadina system, Chinese who have just arrived in Siam are easily accepted by the local society and find their legal position due to the provisions of the system. The legal status of Siamese Chinese in the local area ensures that Chinese and aborigines have always lived in peace and harmony in history, and even have a harmonious relationship. 5 The Siamese article in Volume 6 of the Oriental and Western Examination records that local/Chinese people are very loyal to China. One of the results or phenomena that Chinese immigrants live in harmony with the local people in Siam is the widespread occurrence of inter-ethnic marriage < P >. Before the early 2th century, there were basically no women among China people who came across the sea to Southeast Asia due to the constraints of traditional concepts and difficult travel conditions, so the intermarriage between Chinese and local people generally occurred between Chinese men and local women. Although intermarriage is common in Southeast Asian countries, the proportion of Chinese in Thailand who intermarry with local ethnic groups is the highest. The root cause is the unique Sardina system in Thailand. Civilians in the Sadina system are attached to the people, including female civilians. Military service and six months of corvee every year are the obligations of male civilians, which seriously fetters their male civilians. Moreover, there are frequent wars in Thailand's history, and military service will inevitably lead to an imbalance in the proportion of women in their society. Women, on the other hand, stay at home and be completely free. Naturally, they have more opportunities to get in touch with Chinese men who don't have to serve. In the case of imbalance between men and women of their own race, Huatai marriage is naturally very common.