The history of the black liberation movement?

From the Founding of the People's Republic of China to the History of African American Struggle in 2 1 century.

From slaves to the top of the White House

African American (African American)

Black Americans are descendants of African slaves plundered by European colonists and transported to the United States in history, also known as African Americans, and two-thirds of them are mulatto. Black is the most important colored race in the United States, and its population is second only to other races.

White, accounting for about 12% of the national population. The history of African-Americans can be traced back to16th century when the United States became a European colony. 16 to 19 centuries, European colonists transported a large number of slaves from Africa to America, half of them.

Today, many people are brought to the United States, mainly working as coolies in southern States, and are exploited and abused by white racists. 186 1- 1865 After the Civil War, although slavery was abolished, blacks still suffered racial discrimination.

Discrimination and oppression make it difficult for black Americans to enjoy the same treatment as whites in politics and economy. They waged a long-term resistance struggle, and only 1968 a black riot struggle swept Washington.

168 city.

1776, the United States became independent from Britain, but slavery was not abolished, and the first president Washington also ordered slavery.

The first African slaves arrived in Virginia, USA ... After the victory of the American War of Independence, the founding fathers of the United States never considered the interests of blacks, who were still slaves. 1787, Constitution of the United States

After the promulgation of this law, the principle of "all men are born equal" is to exclude blacks, who have no right to vote, freedom, property rights and dignity. ...

Dred Scott filed a lawsuit in 1846, fighting for his freedom, claiming that he once lived in a free state and should not be reinstated as a slave because he returned to live in a slave state.

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the contradiction between the northern free labor system and the southern slavery developed to an irreconcilable degree. 1854, the American Republican Party was founded in the north. In the same year, southern slave owners tried to take slaves away by force.

This system was extended to Kansas, so farmers in the west and immigrants from free States broke out an armed struggle against slave owners in the south in Kansas. The struggle continued until 1856, which started the civil war. 186 1 April

-1865 in April, there was a four-year war between the south and the north of the United States, which was called the civil war in history.

1862 On September 22nd, President Lincoln promulgated the Slave Emancipation Act.

Proclamation), the United States completely abolished slavery from the system. 1 863 65438+1October1officially ordered the emancipation of slaves. Black people have no political rights and no land. But in the manifesto,

It shows that the Lincoln administration changed from restricting slavery to abolishing slavery completely, and put the war on a new foundation, and the blacks began to get rid of the shackles of slaves.

Lincoln was re-elected as president on1864+065438+1October 8. However, on the evening of April 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by a mob paid by a southern slave owner while watching a play at the Ford Theatre in Washington. Lincoln became a symbol of black liberation. In the same year, the amendment to Article 13 of the Constitution was born in the United States, and slavery was considered illegal.

In 1866, the veterans of the Confederate army who were defeated in the Civil War formed Cook Lukeland. The purpose is to restore the democratic regime in the south and oppose the policy of improving the treatment of old slaves promoted by the federal army in the south. This organization often achieves its goals through violence.

1868, the amendment to Article 14 of the American Constitution was passed, and blacks obtained equal citizenship rights; 1870, the amendment to Article 15 of the American Constitution came out, stipulating that all citizens have the right to vote.

Hiram Rieffel of Mississippi served as a senator for one year from February 1870 to March 187 1, which was the first time in the history of African-Americans.

After the abolition of slavery, "separation but equality" became a common phenomenon in southern States. In the name of "African-American" and "European-American", States separate blacks from whites in space and avoid contact. In 1896, the US Supreme Court ruled that this practice was constitutional in Plessy v. Ferguson.

1955 12 1 Thursday evening, in Montgomery, Alabama, RosaParks, a black woman, was arrested on a bus for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger, causing blacks to boycott the bus. The black civil rights movement, which lasted for more than 10 years, began.

1963, Martin Luther king, the leader of the black civil rights movement, gave a speech "I have a dream" in Washington, which attracted 200,000 people and pushed the black civil rights movement to a climax.

"I have a dream that one day this country will stand up and truly realize the true meaning of its founding creed: we hold these truths to be self-evident and that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day, on the red hill of Georgia, the sons of former slaves will be able to sit down with the sons of former slave owners and the Syrian Brotherhood ... "

1963, george wallace, the governor of Alabama, led the state's national soldiers to block the gate of the University of Alabama, symbolically preventing two admitted black students from entering the campus, and announced that the central government was prohibited.

Illegal activities. "Therefore, Nicholas Katzenbach, deputy minister of the Federal Ministry of Justice, was also sent to mediate with george wallace. Finally, President John F. Kennedy signed an order to transfer the command of the National Guard from the state government to the federal government.

Forcing george wallace to abandon this plan has created a history of racial equality.

1On April 4th, 968, Martin Luther King, the leader of American black civil rights movement, was shot dead on the balcony outside his bedroom on the second floor of Roland Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.

Kim, who is famous for advocating non-violence and racial reconciliation, was leaning against the railing and talking to Jesse Jackson, a civil rights activist standing downstairs.

Kim once said before his death: "I may even die. But even if I die in the struggle, I hope people will say,' He died to set me free.' "

From 65438 to 0989, Colin Powell became the first black chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the first black secretary of state in American history in 2000.

On April 29th, 1992, the U.S. District Court of Los Angeles acquitted four white policemen who beat the black youth Rodney King on March 3rd. This unfair judgment has aroused great public concern in the United States.

The strong dissatisfaction of the big black people. That night, thousands of blacks in Los Angeles gathered in the streets to hold demonstrations. Then the situation got out of control and a large-scale violent conflict broke out, killing at least 59 people and injuring more than 2,000 people.

Injured, more than 10000 people were arrested, more than 5000 houses were destroyed, and the economic loss was estimated to be1000 billion dollars. There were about 600 arson cases, and about 10000 people were arrested.

In 2000, condoleezza rice became the national security adviser of the United States and became one of the most dazzling political female stars in American politics. In 2004, she succeeded Powell and became the first female black secretary of state in American history.

In 2008, Illinois Senator barack obama became the first black president of the United States in 232 years.