Confessions of Gu Haizhong

Japan's overall economic control over the puppet Manchukuo began in March 1932. When the puppet Manchukuo government was founded, the Kwantung Army Secret Service was established, which was a huge organization headed by Minister Mu (former governor of the Bank of Korea) and recruited economic experts from all sides to study and formulate economic plans for invading Manchuria. 1933 The Outline of Manchukuo Economic Construction, published in the name of the puppet Manchukuo government, was an economic aggression plan drawn up by the Ministry and instructed Manchukuo to implement. The outline stipulates that "important undertakings of national defense or public welfare nature should be run by public enterprises or specialized clubs in principle", and important enterprises that become the backbone of economic aggression will take the form of controlling the economy. Since then, the special branch of the puppet Manchukuo has stood on the same front with the government and played an important role in Japan's economic aggression.

The first period of Japanese economic control over the Puppet Manchukuo was a period to create conditions for its invasion of Northeast China. First of all, the puppet Manchukuo entrusted all state-owned railways, shipping and ports. Give it to Nanman Railway Company, a Japanese special company, and entrust all telecom telephones to Nanman Telecom Telephone Company. They are completely controlled by Japanese imperialism and managed by the Kwantung Army Command. The puppet Manchukuo government successively established Manchuria Central Bank, Manchuria Carbon Mining Co., Ltd., Manchuria Mining Development Co., Ltd., Manchuria Petroleum Company, Manchuria Gold Mining Company and Manchuria Electric Power Company. Through these special clubs, Japanese imperialism mastered the traffic and mineral resources of the puppet Manchukuo, and basically possessed the basic conditions for economic aggression.

The second period of economic control, that is, the period of formal implementation of economic control, began with the implementation of the first five-year plan for industrial development of Manchukuo (1937 ~ 194 1). 1937 The Law on the Control of Important Industries promulgated in May is a basic law of economic rule. At this time, Manchuria Heavy Industry Development Society, Showa Iron Works, Manchuria Aircraft Manufacturing Society and Manchuria Automobile Manufacturing Society were established to actively carry out economic aggression. 1938 The General Mobilization Law was promulgated in February, with the purpose of mobilizing and controlling all human and material resources for the needs of national defense and serving the war. 1in April, 938, the Iron and Steel Control Law was enacted, and the Japanese-Manchu Commercial Society was reorganized into a specialized society to control coal, steel, copper, cement and chemicals in a unified way. Since then, the production, distribution, consumption and price of important means of production have been completely controlled by Japan. The economic control of agricultural products began in June of 1937 and 10, when the cotton control law was promulgated and the Manchuria Cotton Association was established. 1938 10 10, the rice management law was formulated and the Manchuria Valley Society was established. 1939, the grain adjustment law was promulgated. In this way, the production, circulation, consumption and price of agricultural products are under unified control.

The control of consumable materials is implemented after the control of important production materials is fully mastered. From 65438 to 0940, with the implementation of the five-year plan for industrial development, prices rose gradually. In addition, because the plan focuses on heavy industry and adopts the policy of restricting the import of consumer goods, the supply of consumer goods is gradually decreasing, which leads to high prices and seriously threatens people's lives. 1940 In June, the Law on Price and Material Management was enacted, which not only stipulated the price, but also stipulated the employment salary, contract fee and lease fee in a unified way. Since then, all necessities of life, especially the main necessities of life, such as grain, coal, salt, sugar, cotton goods, vegetable oil and so on, have been completely controlled. , using general ledger system and bill system. As mentioned earlier, important means of production and consumer goods are under comprehensive economic control, and the economic aggression plan is carried out on the basis of thoroughly squeezing the people of China. This is the characteristic of the second period of economic control.

The third period of economic control was after the outbreak of the Pacific War. This period not only further controlled the means of production and consumer goods, but also rectified and strengthened the capital and labor force. Due to the outbreak of the Pacific War, the policies of the Puppet Manchukuo focused on increasing the production of emergency supplies and expanding wartime support to Japan. Therefore, the essence of Japanese imperialism is exposed more clearly.

Due to the increasing amount of wartime support to Japan and emergency material mobilization, material consumption is decreasing year by year. For consumer goods, the urban distribution system has been implemented, and the materials obtained in rural areas are very small. Moreover, important consumer goods, such as rice and coal, are also rationed around the Japanese, and are rarely rationed to China people. Therefore, China people have to buy daily necessities at high prices on the black market. All these have brought serious disasters to the people in Northeast China.

The economy of the Puppet Manchukuo was attached to Japan, which was totally colonial. The focus of the first Five-Year Plan is to develop heavy industry. Due to the continuous import of raw materials and machinery from Japan, the puppet Manchukuo became more dependent on Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, Japan was in urgent need of all kinds of strategic materials, so it forced the puppet government to sell them at the lowest price. Iron and steel-most of the puppet Manchukuo's support for Japan was pig iron. At that time, all the low-phosphorus iron (annual output 1.8 ~ 0.2 million tons) produced in Benxi had to be supplied to the Japanese navy. Special steel raw materials from Anshan, Benxi, Dalian and Dongfang Road will also be sent to Japan. Coal-Although the puppet Manchukuo did not produce enough coal, it needed to buy 3 million tons from North China. However, the high-quality coal produced in Fushun (with an annual output of 600,000 tons) must all be supplied to Japan for ironmaking. Oil-Japan is a country without oil resources. Fushun petroleum has an annual output of 6,543,800 tons. The initial 6,543,800 tons were reserved for Japan, and 80,000 tons were given to Japan. Later, in order to increase the quantity to Japan and limit domestic use, cars were replaced by alternative fuels. Therefore, Japan is given 6.5438+0.3 million tons every year, all of which are handed over to the naval fuel plant for refining as submarine oil. Aluminum-aluminum produced in Fushun, all for Japan. Lead-all the lead produced by Yangjiazhangzi, Qingzhangzi and Xiuyan is supplied to the Japanese Navy for the production of storage batteries. Molybdenum-most of the molybdenum produced by Yangjiazhang's subsidiary was shipped to Japan. Gold-All the gold produced by the Puppet Manchukuo was transported to Japan by the Puppet Manchukuo Central Bank. Platinum-1944 ~ 1945, the puppet Manchukuo specially recycled platinum, and all of it was sent to Japan by the puppet Manchukuo Central Bank. Magnesium-Magnesium is produced in Yingkou, with an annual output of about 6,543,800 tons, all of which are sent to Japan. Aircraft-Manzhouli Aircraft Manufacturing Association can produce 100 two-passenger trainers every month, all of which are supplied to the Japanese army. Weapons-rifles, machine guns and anti-aircraft guns produced by Fengtian Arsenal were given to the Japanese army. Ship-Dalian Shipping Company has an annual shipbuilding capacity of 6.5438+0.5 million tons, all of which are produced in Japan. Under the supervision of Kwantung Army, all 500 sailboats made in Dandong were supplied to Japan. Grain-According to statistics from 1944 to 1945, the Puppet Manchuria helped Japan with 3 million tons of grain every year, of which1800,000 tons was soybeans, accounting for 60%. According to incomplete statistics, from 1937 to August 1945, Japan plundered from the puppet Manchukuo: 4.2 million tons of pig iron; 7.8 million tons of raw coal; 520,000 tons of liquid fuel; 65,438+200,000 tons of aluminum; 5.5 million tons of magnesium; Lead 1.7 million tons; 3,000 tons of molybdenum; 3 million tons of salt; Gold is worth 5.8 million yuan; There are 4000 planes. In addition, there are weapons, special steel, platinum, lead and so on. The number of coarse cereals plundered by Japan from the puppet Manchukuo is: 1940,1600,000 tons; 194 1 year10.8 million tons; 1942 2.2 million tons; 1943 2.6 million tons; 1944.3 million tons.

The rationing system of food and other necessities implemented by the Puppet Manchukuo was nominally to take care of the lifestyle of all ethnic groups, but in fact it deceived the masses and was completely centered on Japan. The ration standard of main grain is: Japan per person per month 14 kg of rice; Koreans per person per month 14 kg of millet; China people per person per month/kloc-0.4 kg of corn, sorghum rice and millet; Senior officials of Koreans and Koreans and senior staff of special clubs are rationed according to Japanese standards.

Japan has a small territory and scarce resources, but its population is increasing year by year. Therefore, opening up has become an important part of Japan's population policy. Before "September 18th", the Japanese government established Tuo Province, which mainly immigrated to Brazil at that time, and then immigrated to the United States and other regions. The "September 18th Incident" and the establishment of the Puppet Manchukuo made northeast China the main target of Japanese foreign aggression and immigration. As soon as the Puppet Manchukuo was founded, Bhutto Province of Japan sent Keira Shiro as an official to the northeast to negotiate with Kanto Province on the issue of northeast immigration. 1933, before the domestic order of the puppet Manchukuo was completely straightened out, the Kwantung Army took land to Japanese immigrants in a planned way. According to the instructions of Xiao Di Guozhao, chief of staff of the Kwantung Army, the Third Division entrenched in Harbin seized the farmers' cultivated land in Beiman at a very low price by threat of force. The farmers can't stand it. Under the leadership of Xie Wendong, 3,000 peasants rose up and the "Tulongshan Incident" broke out. After the cruel suppression by the Kwantung Army, land plunder was temporarily suspended. However, they moved two groups of Japanese armed immigrants to Jiamusi as planned. In Japan at that time, warlords were the center. On the one hand, it hyped Manchuria as the lifeline of Japan, on the other hand, it emphasized that the population problem of Japan should be solved by opening Manchuria, in an attempt to legalize Japanese imperialism's invasion of Northeast China. When recruiting immigrants, they all cheat under the banner of "for the motherland". From the previous two groups of armed immigrants, it can be clearly seen that the Japanese immigration policy is an attempt to use a large number of armed immigrant groups to seize the land in the northeast of China as a rear stronghold for its aggression against China and the Soviet Union. Japanese immigrant groups are all large-scale armed groups, and their members have received a year's military and agricultural training in Japan's Neiyuan Training Institute. Most immigrant groups choose the rear of Sanjiang, Dong 'an, Mudanjiang, Heihe and other important military areas, and these locations are decided by the Kwantung Army. 1 in July, 936, Japanese army ministers Kato Wanji, Ishiguro and other politicians put forward the plan of immigrating110,000 people to Manchuria within 20 years. In August of that year, the Hirota Cabinet of Japan passed the plan. The puppet Manchukuo government accepted this plan and formulated the first five-year plan for the development of Manchuria. Japan's immigration plan completely exposed the aggressive nature of Japanese imperialism. Within 20 years, the total population of Japanese who migrated to the northeast of China was 110, accounting for 20 million people in the northeast (1zhenbu = 9.9 18 square meters), which provided a guarantee for Japanese imperialism to occupy the northeast of China for a long time. At the same time, moving poor farmers, who account for about14 of Japan's agricultural population (5.5 million households), to China can greatly weaken the revolutionary forces in Japan.

During this period, a new form of immigration was also implemented, namely, the system of "developing young volunteers". According to this system, Japan recruits 20,000 Japanese teenagers aged from 16 to 18 every year to enter the northeast of China for a three-year "youth volunteer training" to train a large number of backbones for Japanese imperialism to invade the northeast of China. This immigration started on 1938. More than half of the trained young people joined the Japanese Kwantung Army. During the Japanese imperialist invasion of Northeast China, people in Northeast China were exploited, enslaved and engaged in all kinds of heavy labor, and their wages were extremely low. From 65438 to 0939, the puppet Manchukuo government enacted the Labor Control Law, which on the one hand increased the workload and extended the working hours, on the other hand insisted on low wages, which intensified the exploitation and exploitation of workers, causing serious physical and mental damage to workers. 194 1 In August, the puppet Manchukuo government formulated the Outline of Establishing a New Labor System, the essence of which was to take various measures to completely extract Chinese workers. This is obvious from its content. In particular, the "Outline" hangs a signboard to establish a domestic self-sufficiency system, and implements the cheapest and most practical means of extracting labor, namely "labor supply system" and "hard labor system in the metric system". As a result of the implementation of this plan, China workers are in a state of complete slavery. According to this outline, the Law on Diligence and Public Service was enacted in 194 1, and it was implemented in 1942. This law is a compulsory labor system for all citizens who have not performed military service. In principle, young people aged 19 ~ 2 1 year shall be given voluntary labor within 1 year. Its essence is that Japanese imperialism used state power to plunder the young labor force in Northeast China in order to ensure the supply of labor resources. This can be fully proved by the specific facts from now on. At the beginning, the annual planned target of the work-study program service system was only 6,000, and later it reached 20,000 in 1943, 32,000 in 1944, and150,000. At first, the content of labor was mainly to build roads, and later it was continuously expanded to build railways and produce emergency supplies during wartime. At that time, the number of workers mobilized by the puppet Manchukuo was estimated to be 1942, 1943, 120, 1944, 130, 1944, of which 25,000 were involved.

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, that is, when the new labor system was established, the above-mentioned persecution of Chinese workers was greatly intensified. Diligence and labor supply system in metric system are both compulsory labor in essence. Especially in the requisitioned labor force, farmers account for the majority, and they are often forced to leave their homes to work for the Japanese during the busy farming season. In addition, correctional institutions, national hand-account system, hard training factories and teams, etc. , further expanding the scope of labor persecution in China. Finally, several major accidents occurred in 1943 and 1944. 1943, a gas explosion occurred in Benxihu coal mine, 1800 workers were killed. During the period of 1944, 6,000 workers died due to extremely bad working and living conditions, diseases, severe cold, overwork and insufficient nutrition. 1944, 1700 workers died tragically in the reconstruction project of Muxing Waterway directly managed by the puppet Ministry of Communications. These three major accidents fully show that Japanese imperialism committed unforgivable crimes of cruel oppression, exploitation and murder against Chinese workers in the war of aggression against China. (This article is taken from the confession of Gu Haizhong, the second minister of the General Affairs Office of the Puppet Manchukuo. )