The influence of Columbus' navigation and Watt's role in the industrial revolution

Positive influence: Columbus sailed to America and connected Eurasia and America for the first time, making the world a unified whole.

Negative effects: Western colonialists began to invade the United States and carried out long-term cruel colonial rule and plunder on the United States. ① Similarities: A. The three scientific and technological revolutions have been paid attention to by the domestic government, which has promoted the development of productive forces. B. Both of them have caused great changes in social relations. The first scientific and technological revolution led to the emergence of two opposing classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; The second scientific and technological revolution led to the formation of monopoly capitalism, and state institutions began to combine with monopoly organizations; The third scientific and technological revolution has promoted the changes of social economic structure and social life structure, as well as the changes of human daily clothing, food, shelter, transportation and use. C. they all have a great influence on the world pattern. In the first scientific and technological revolution, the colonial expansion of the great powers caused the subordination of the East to the West. The second scientific and technological revolution formed the colonial system of world capitalism; The third scientific and technological revolution has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure. Economically, they have accelerated the development of the capitalist world economy.

② Differences: A. Both the first and second scientific and technological revolutions had a relatively peaceful social environment; The third scientific and technological revolution began during World War II and continues to this day. B. From the inventor's point of view, the inventors of the first scientific and technological revolution are mainly laborers, who have made many achievements by virtue of their experience or skills. These inventions are the summary of production experience; The inventors of the second and third scientific and technological revolutions were mostly scientists and engineers, and all kinds of inventions were made on the basis of accurate scientific research results. C. From the birthplace, the first scientific and technological revolution began in Britain, and it took about half a century to really start in various countries; The second and third scientific and technological revolutions are multi-source. D. From the breakthrough point, the first scientific and technological revolution took light industry as the breakthrough point; The second scientific and technological revolution took heavy industry as the breakthrough; The third scientific and technological revolution took the military industry as the breakthrough.

③ Understanding: The consequences of three scientific and technological revolutions show that the relations of production must adapt to the development of productive forces, and productive forces determine the relations of production; Science and technology are the primary productive forces; We should establish the strategic thought of rejuvenating the country through science and education.

(2) Analysis of related problems

1. Briefly analyze the similar historical conditions that led to the first and second industrial revolutions. What are the characteristics of the second industrial revolution different from the first industrial revolution? What are the new features of the third scientific and technological revolution? Through the above comparative analysis, what enlightenment have you got?

(2) Similarity of historical conditions affecting the first and second industrial revolutions:

(1) The political system reform and the establishment of bourgeois rule were the prerequisites of the two industrial revolutions.

Such as the completion of the British bourgeois revolution; /kloc-the comprehensive establishment of the capitalist system in the middle of the 0/9th century.

② Market, capital (capital) and science and technology are important conditions for the industrial revolution.

Britain became the largest colonial empire. Expanding overseas markets, enclosure movement and colonial expansion provided capital; During the handicraft industry period, a lot of scientific and technological knowledge was accumulated, which promoted the British industrial revolution; The completion of the first industrial revolution, the formation of the capitalist world market, the formation of a unified domestic market, the promotion of science and technology by the first industrial revolution, the new discovery of natural science, and the acquisition of funds (capital) needed by some countries have all promoted the formation and development of the second industrial revolution.

(2) The characteristics of the second industrial revolution are different from those of the first industrial revolution:

(1) The vast majority of inventors are scientific researchers, and the quality of talents is higher than that during the British industrial revolution, which was dominated by workers and technicians;

(2) The new discoveries of natural science are mostly applied to industry, and the scientific research results are guaranteed in quality and quantity; The first industrial revolution was mostly a summary of production experience and technical improvement;

(3) From the very beginning, it showed a diversified trend, and countries promoted each other, with the United States and Germany as the most; The first industrial revolution was mainly concentrated in Britain, and then developed to other countries;

④ Focus on developing heavy industry, electric power industry and energy industry; First started in the cotton textile industry;

⑤ It started when most countries had not finished the first industrial revolution, and formed the intersection of two industries.

(3) New features of the third industrial revolution:

① Science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in promoting the development of productive forces. The transformation of science and technology into direct productive forces is accelerating, and science and technology are making more and more contributions to the improvement of social labor productivity and economic growth.

(2) The scale, depth and influence are far ahead of two times. Science and technology are closely integrated and promote each other, and all fields promote each other.

(4) inspiration:

Political change is the premise of the development of science and technology, which liberates the productive forces, so we should boldly reform all aspects of production relations that are not suitable for the productive forces;

(2) Science and technology are the primary productive forces, so we should vigorously develop science and technology;

③ While vigorously developing science and technology, develop the market economy, raise the funds needed for the development of science and technology, and cultivate high-quality talents.

2. Problems related to the three scientific and technological revolutions

(1) The scientific and technological conditions and social reasons of the three industrial revolutions.

The formation of modern natural science provided conditions for the industrial revolution. The booming workshop handicraft industry has accumulated a lot of production technology knowledge and backbone for the industrial revolution; The expanding market urgently needs the change of production mode; The new breakthrough in science and technology, represented by electrical theory and its application, provided conditions for the second industrial revolution. The in-depth development of machinery industry needs more advanced means of electricity, transportation and communication; Major breakthroughs have been made in the scientific theory represented by the theory of relativity; The development of science and technology has a better material and technical foundation; The urgent demand for science and technology during and after World War II contributed to the third scientific and technological revolution.

(2) The most representative symbol of innovation in the three industrial revolutions.

(1) the invention and use of computers; ② The widespread application of electric power; ③ A series of high-tech applications represented by atomic energy technology, aerospace technology and electronic technology.

(3) The three industrial revolutions have the same impact on world development.

(A) has greatly promoted the development of social productive forces and brought about new changes in industrial layout.

(2) Both of them have caused great changes in social relations: for the first time, two opposing classes have appeared in modern society, namely, the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and the process of urbanization has begun. The second time, monopoly organizations came into being and were combined with state power. The transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism. Third, strengthen state monopoly capitalism and increase the proportion of tertiary industry.

(3) It has a great influence on the world pattern; Capitalism's rule over the world was established for the first time, and colonial expansion made the East subordinate to the West. The second time, the capitalist world system and the colonial system were finally formed, and the world became an inseparable whole. The third time, it has promoted the adjustment of the international economic structure, and the economies of all countries in the world are interdependent and increasingly closely linked.

(4) The influence of the last two industrial revolutions on East Asia.

The second time: Japan's two industrial revolutions crossed, monopoly organizations emerged and became a powerful Asian country. Other eastern countries became colonies and semi-colonies, and the powers stepped up their capital exports to various countries.

Third time: Japan became the second largest economy in the world. China established a socialist market economy through reform and opening up. South Korea has actively developed high-tech industries and become the fastest-growing region in the world economy. The economic development of East Asian countries is particularly striking, injecting new vitality into the world economy, but opportunities and challenges coexist.

(5) The biggest difference between the third scientific and technological revolution and the previous two.

Science and technology play an increasingly important role in promoting production, and the speed of transforming science and technology into direct productivity is getting faster and faster.

(6) The reasons why the United States took the lead in the second and third scientific and technological revolutions and its influence on American politics and economy.

The United States was one step ahead in the second scientific and technological revolution. Because: ① The victory of the industrial bourgeoisie in the civil war provided political guarantee for the development of the industrial revolution. (2) The development of the western region has expanded the demand for commodities. (3) European surplus capital. ④ Eurasian immigrants brought advanced science and technology. Many inventions of Edison, Ford, Wright, Bell and others led the United States in the fields of electricity, transportation and telecommunications.

The reasons for being one step ahead in the third scientific and technological revolution are as follows: ① At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a major breakthrough in the theory of atoms and electrons. (2) After World War I, the United States gradually mastered the world economic hegemony, and World War II did not affect the United States, so it had a solid material foundation for scientific and technological revolution. The urgent need to win the war in World War II made its government and capitalists pay attention to the investment in science and technology. The second world war pushed the United States to first break through the application of atomic energy and invented the electronic computer. ⑤ The recovery of western European countries and the development of emerging countries after the war objectively provided a broad market for the United States.

* * * The same influence: ① It has greatly promoted the development of productive forces. At the end of 19, American industrial output value ranked first in the world. From World War II to the early 1970s, the world economic structure was centered on the United States. (2) led to the adjustment of production relations. /kloc-In the late 20th century, the United States produced a monopoly organization with highly concentrated production and capital. After World War II, the state monopoly capital has been strengthened day by day. ③ Changes in the superstructure. /kloc-in the late 0/9th century, the United States entered the stage of imperialism and was called trust imperialism. The transition to state monopoly capitalism after World War II. It has created conditions for the United States to compete for the world. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, the United States pointed the finger of aggression from Latin America to the Asia-Pacific region. After World War II, the United States dominated the capitalist world in an attempt to establish hegemony in the world.