German immigrants in the United States

German immigration to the United States occurred in many different periods in the history of the two countries. Since the first batch of German immigrants arrived in North America in 1683, the number of German immigrants has increased rapidly. 1In the 9th century, 500 people from Dovander immigrated to the United States, surpassing the f 1 1 of any other country, thus becoming a unique group of immigrants in the United States. After they moved to the United States, they still maintained their traditional national culture and lifestyle in many cases. Because of their distribution in the United States, they have had a far-reaching impact on the development of American history. German immigration to North America reached its first climax in the 1980s in 17. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, due to the Napoleonic Wars and the competition that West German craftsmen could not compete with British machine textiles, the whole family went to the United States. This trend was replaced by individual immigrants at the end of 19. In the whole19th century, more than 5 million people immigrated to the United States. In 1828, the number of German immigrants arriving in the United States was only 1 person every year, and it rose to more than 1000 in 1832, to 50,000 in 1846, and even exceeded 200,000 in 1854. In the early 1980s, the industrial and agricultural crisis in Europe led to a large number of Germans immigrating to the United States. Most of them live in the upper Mississippi River and the Ohio Valley, especially in Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and Missouri. I think the "pull" of the United States and the "thrust" of Germany in this period pushed the Germans to immigrate to the United States. First of all, as far as Germany's "thrust" is concerned, there are mainly the following aspects: First, politically, until the second half of the19th century, Germany was still in turmoil. 18 15 after the war, the resumption of trade brought competition from British goods, which made many craftsmen in West Germany unemployed. The Vienna Conference led to the restoration of nobles, and the autocracy of German states also aroused rebellion and flight. 1848 after the failure of the bourgeois revolution, a large number of exiles (also known as "1848") came to the United States. In addition, the war launched by Bismarck in the 65438+60' s in 2009 caused turmoil in German states, which aggravated the immigration tide. Second, German states immigrated to the United States because they appreciated the unparalleled political and metallurgical system of many countries in Taiwan Province .41. Due to political turmoil, a large number of intellectuals could not achieve political national reunification, so they tried to arouse people's respect for German language and cultural traditions and set off a "cultural nationalism U movement", which was suppressed by the authorities in the 1920s and 1930s. In desperation, some of them turned to the free and democratic United States, hoping to establish a free and unified "new Germany" there. In order to realize their ideals, they avoided the densely populated eastern United States and came to two frontiers with weak political elbow. Third, the abolition of the German immigration ban is also conducive to immigration to the United States. 1848 after the revolution, Germany abolished the regulations restricting immigration and simplified the procedures for emigration, hoping to prevent the recurrence of political and metallurgical turmoil. Secondly, a large number of Germans immigrated to the United States, which is inseparable from the "pull" of the United States. /kloc-A large number of immigrants moved to the United States in the middle and late 20th century, so the immigration policy and industrial revolution adopted by the American government played an important role in this period. During the Civil War, in its speech to Congress in' 1863, the Lincoln Administration called on Congress to enact laws to stimulate foreign immigrants to the United States, which eventually led to the adoption of the Immigration Encouragement Act by Congress, and Secretary of State William Seward also supported the active immigration policy. For example, in t867, 800 Prussian steel workers were recruited through the American Consulate. After the Civil War, there was a climax of industrialization in the United States. The demand for labor makes American factories and mines compete to recruit workers from Europe with high salaries. Northwest China, from Wisconsin to Oregon, has taken measures to encourage immigrants. Germany is the biggest policy. Railway companies have invested heavily in attracting migrant workers. 1868- 187 1 year, the wage of railway workers in the south and midwest is $65438 +075-2 per day. Railway companies have also established settlements for immigrants of different nationalities. For example, Burlington Company established German settlements in Nebraska and Iowa. According to statistics, from 65438 to 1990s, the number of foreign immigrants employed by American railway departments increased to more than 80,000, including Germans186130,000. Another factor is the development of traffic. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, in the activities of attracting immigrants in the United States, "from using sailboats to using steamboats is a turning point in the history of immigration activities." Germany took advantage of this opportunity to build a large number of ships to transport passengers across the ocean. Hamburg and Bremen have become the most active ports. According to the data of the Immigration Bureau of new york, it is in 1856. 96.4% of the immigrants arrived in new york by sailboat, 1873, and more than 96.4% of the immigrants arrived in new york by boat. In addition, the time to cross the Atlantic was shortened from March to 10 day, and the safety was greatly improved. All these have created favorable conditions for Germans to emigrate to the United States. The overall feature of American national culture and national consciousness is "body diversity", and the process of national assimilation is the main channel of integration and enhancement. Milton Gordon, an American scholar, once put forward a set of theories about the assimilation process of immigrants in American society. He believes that there are two kinds of assimilation: behavioral assimilation and structural assimilation. When the cultural patterns of immigrants change to meet the requirements of the new society, such as changes in language, clothing and etiquette, behavioral assimilation occurs, while structural assimilation can only be realized when immigrant groups are incorporated into various social institutions in the new society. Intermarriage is the most basic example of structural assimilation. Its completion means that people's various connections based on racial similarity disappear first. I think German immigrants in the19th century resisted assimilation measures. The process of national assimilation is quite slow. It didn't accelerate until the 20th century. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, some German immigrant groups had the dream of establishing a German-speaking state in the United States. In the early 1930s, some people tried to concentrate German immigrants in two southern parts of Texas. 65438+German immigrants who fled from Europe to the United States in the 1940s and 1950s hoped to use the American Civil War to establish independent German immigrant states in the Midwest and Texas. But none of these attempts succeeded. Because American law prohibits the establishment of racial areas. No wonder President abraham lincoln thinks that German immigrants are a racial group that needs careful training. But in Cincinnati, St Louis, Milwaukee and other cities, large-scale German immigrant communities have been formed. Sometimes, the residents of a small town come from a specific area in Germany, such as Frankfurt, Kentucky, and are all built by immigrants from Frankfurt, Germany. German immigrants live in concentrated communities, so that they can keep their own language and culture from generation to generation, whether in rural areas or cities, which is manifested in the isolation of folk houses and cultures. In Milwaukee in the19th century, German-born residential areas only kept minimal contact with local aborigines or Irish people [9l. Germans rarely hear English where they live, and their lifestyle is completely German. In addition, German immigrants opposed assimilation measures and forced them to enter public schools, so they set up their own schools. Luther and Catholic Germans. In America in the19th century, they established their own parochial schools. Other Germans set up their own private schools. St Louis is the center where Germans live. Almost all the early kindergarten teachers in this area were born in Germany. Structural assimilation. German immigration is very slow. German immigrants are not interested in politics.