What country is the Order of Malta?

The full name of the Order of Malta is the Order of Independent Military Hospitals in Jerusalem, Rhode Island and st.john, Malta (Latin: sovrano military ordine ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme). The organization first established the amalfi Hospital in Jerusalem in 18, with the purpose of helping and providing the poor and patients who make pilgrimage to the holy land. After occupying Jerusalem during the First Crusade in 199, it became a Catholic military friar. After the loss of Catholic holy places, it moved to Rhode Island, but maintained its sovereign and independent status, and then moved to Malta, which was then the administrative center of the Spanish governor in Sicily. Even though the Knights were finally expelled from malta island by Napoleon, the surviving members continued their activities. At that time, the duchess of the Knights was only a knight's assistant, and the Knights of Malta was the inheritor of the whole story.

motto tuitio fidei et obsequium pauperum

(Latin: defense of the faith

and assistance to the poor)

national anthem Ave Crux Alba

(Latin: Hail, thou White Cross)

Italian is the official language

The Palace of Malta in Rome

covers an area of about 12, square meters

Archbishop Androberti

The Charter of the Order of the Constitution

consists of about 12,5 knights and baroness

founded in about 15

Euro

[ edit this paragraph] History

Early development

The full name of the Order of St. John's Hospital in Jerusalem, also known as the Order of St. John, was founded in 199. It was originally founded by Gerard, a French aristocrat, and several companions in a hospital near St. John's Baptist Church in Jerusalem, with the main purpose of caring for the wounded and pilgrims. In 1113, the Vatican recognized them as independent religious orders, and granted them a series of economic and political privileges, such as not paying eleven taxes, not accepting the leadership of any regime, and only being controlled by the Pope. The rules of the Knights Order of the Hospital are based on the rules of the Order of St. Augustine. The members of the Order are divided into priests, knights and noncommissioned officers, as well as members. The Order is ruled by a Grand Master, assisted by a meeting of priests and eight judges. Its organization is very similar to that of the Knights Templar.

The Knights Order of the Hospital was founded as a charity organization, and it began to operate as a military order in 112, and developed into an important military force in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which also had great influence on the political situation in Jerusalem. It has seven big fortresses and more than 14 other buildings in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. After the death of King baldwin iv of jerusalem of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (that is, the young king with leprosy in the Kingdom of Heaven), Roger de Moulins, the head of the Knights Order of the Hospital at that time, opposed Guido von Lusignan's succession, but it failed. Later, in the Battle of Harding in 1187, the Knights of the Hospital also sent the main force to participate in the war. Due to the mistakes in command, the Christian army, including the Knights of the Hospital and the Knights Templar, was almost completely annihilated, and Roger de Moulins, the head of the Knights of the Hospital, died.

Mid-term: The Order of Malta

During their seven years in Europe, they moved many times and had no fixed place. By 153, under the orders of Pope Clemente VIII and Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, the Knights of the Hospital came to malta island and symbolically paid 1 Maltese Eagle Coin as rent to the two Sicilian kingdoms every year, and established the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (abbreviated as S.M.O.M) on the island. The Turks were obviously uneasy about the comeback of the Knights. In 1565, the Turks sent an army to attack Malta. At first, this war was similar to the last one in Rhode Island: the Knights struggled, most cities were destroyed, and half of the Knights died. Just when the Knights were about to lose their strength, a reinforcement came from Spain, and the battlefield situation suddenly turned around. The Turkish army retreated in panic, with losses reaching more than 3, people. This great victory brought the Order of Malta a period of peace. In 1571, the Turks thought that the navy was almost developed, and they set out again in an attempt to destroy the Order. But this time they were even worse: before they arrived in Malta, they met the Spanish armada at sea, and almost all the Turkish fleet was sunk or captured. Since then, the Order of Malta has entered its heyday, and warships marked with Malta's octagonal cross on their sails are rampant in the Mediterranean.

The Knights ruled malta island until the 18th century. On June 11th, 1798, Napoleon forced the Knights Hospital to surrender and occupied malta island. The churches and monasteries of the Knights on the island were looted by the French army. Most members of the Order went to Russia, where Russian Tsar Paul I gave them asylum, while the Order elected Paul I as the new head of the Order.

Later period and present situation

After leaving malta island, the Order lost its territory, but it still exists as an organization. In 1834, the Order rebuilt its headquarters in Rome and finally stabilized again. The military mission of the Knights Order has ended, and since then it has mainly engaged in charity. Today, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is still an observer of the United Nations, and its headquarters in Rome, Malta House, is its only territory-it may be the smallest country in the world.

after the religious revolution, the order of hospitals in Protestant countries headed by Germany became independent from the headquarters of the order, but it still maintained the title of the Order of St. John. The Catholic Order of Malta is the direct successor of the Order of the Hospital.

Order of Rhode Island

Because the Christian kingdom in Palestine was defeated by Arabs, in 1291, the Order abandoned Palestine and went to Cyprus, where it didn't stay long, and then retreated to Rhode Island in 139. In Rhode Island, the Knights used the navy to stop the expansion of Muslims into the eastern Mediterranean. When Constantinople fell into the hands of the Turks in 1453, the Order of St. John on Rhode Island was the only Christian force in the whole Eastern Mediterranean. Resistance in Rhode Island lasted until 1522. That year, Su Liman I commanded 2, troops to come to Rhode Island on 4 warships, and the Knights on the island had only 7, soldiers. Although the strength was very different, the Knights remained independent for six months, and at least 5, Turkish troops were killed in the battle. Finally, the Knights reached an agreement with the Turks, and the Knights withdrew from Rhode Island and went to Europe.

[ Edit this paragraph] Group name, flag and badge

The Order of st.john Independent Military Hospital in Jerusalem, Rhode Island and Malta, better known as the Order of Malta, is a sovereign independent Catholic order accepted by international law and became a permanent observer of the United Nations on August 24, 1994, but its sovereignty status has been disputed by some scholars. The Order of Malta is the main inheritor of the Order of Hospital in the Middle Ages, but now it is operated as a religious charity medical organization.

The Order of the Independent Military Hospitals in Jerusalem, Rhode Island and st.john, Malta is the official full name, but it is often called the Order of Malta. China officially translated it as the Order of Military Sovereignty of Malta. The Order of Malta has many monasteries and branches all over the world, but some of them have nothing to do with the Order itself, including some fraud groups that use the Order of Malta as the organization name.

organization flags are divided into national flags and representative flags. The national flag is a red rectangle with a white cross in it, also known as the st.john flag. According to Yue Se Bosio's history of the Knights, in 113, Pope Northam II issued a fatwa requiring religious organizations participating in the war to wear red shields with white crosses. Pope Alexander IV later forced 1,259 knights who were allowed to participate in the war to wear red cloaks with white crosses. Since then, the white cross has gradually become the official symbol of the Knights. Now the flag flies at the top of the sovereign independent organ in Rome, and is used at the official meeting of the grand imam or members of the government council. The representative flag is used by the president and vice president of the monastery, 64 international branches and more than 1 overseas institutions, as well as hospitals, medical centers and outpatient departments, ambulance organizations, foundations and special joint units all over the world. The pattern is an octagonal cross with a red background. The octagonal cross pattern was first used on coins issued by the 25th Imam Villarrett.

Knight badge of the Order of Malta The church badge is divided into knight badge and representative badge, and the 78th Archbishop has a personal badge. The official knight badge pattern is an octagonal cross inside a red oval, surrounded by a rose sutra totem, with a royal curtain and a crown at the top. This badge is used by the president and vice president of the monastery, international branches and representative offices abroad. Another badge is used for medical staff and humanitarian aid workers all over the world. The pattern is a white octagonal cross in a red shield.

Politics

The Order of Malta is a Sovereign Entity with religious and charitable nature, which is recognized by international law. The organization is given the right to issue its own passports, stamps, public buildings and judicial independence. The Constitution consists of the Charter of the Knights Order and the Knight Regulations. The current Constitution was revised in 1997.

Head

The Prince and Grand Master is elected by the State Council and holds office for life. The patriarch must devote himself to organizational affairs, and be an example of all members' religious piety, and be the administrative center together with the government affairs meeting. The administrative authority of the Archbishop does not include promulgating the Charter of the Knights, government orders, medical affairs, reporting the needs of knights to the Pope, electing councillors, concluding international treaties and convening a grand council. Countries that have established diplomatic relations with the Order all recognize the Archbishop as the supreme leader of the Order, and his title is given by the Pope, and the Roman Catholic Church gives him the status of cardinal.

The Grand Commander is responsible for spreading faith, supervising and managing knights and duchesses in various parishes, and reporting the affairs of the Order to the Pope. At the same time, he also manages the affairs of worship and pilgrimage around the Palace of Malta at the headquarters, and also signs official documents and documents with no legal effect of the Pope.

The Grand Minister is in charge of internal affairs and foreign affairs, and is responsible for all external affairs and the intermediary between other countries or third parties and the government.

The Grand Hospitaller is in charge of health, social, humanitarian assistance and international cooperation, and is the highest commander in charge of humanitarian assistance in monasteries, international branches and other organizations, and ensures that Catholicism is respected.

The Receiver of the Common Treasure is in charge of financial and budgetary affairs, and is responsible for organizing the expenses of cooperation with local branches and supervising the audit department. The Finance Minister is required to make economic, financial and budgetary reports to the Audit Department and the Archbishop, and transmit the information to the government meeting. At the same time, he also supervises the organization of property storage, banquet expenses and donation income. The gifts of the Archbishop are also managed by the Finance Minister, and the postal, residential, scientific and technological affairs, Malta Palace and other property buildings of the Knights are also supervised by the Finance Minister.

Administration

Its government is composed of the following organs:

The Council Complete of State mainly elects the rector or the rector's agent. According to Article 23 of the Charter, elections are held by secret ballot, and those who get more than half of the votes are elected. Members with voting rights are the archbishop's agent or transitional archbishop, councillor, bishop, abbot, bailiff, two knights representing small monasteries and fifteen representatives of international chapters.

The General Chapter mainly holds elections for government councillors, policy members and auditors every five years, and is responsible for amending and discussing the Charter and laws and some important issues such as religious status, humanitarian medical plan and foreign relations. The Grand Council is composed of the presidents and vice presidents of monasteries and representatives of international branches.

The Sovereign Council is the administrative center of the Knights Order, and consists of the Grand Chancellor, the Minister of Affairs, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Medical Affairs and the Minister of Finance, and five members * * * and ten members elected by the Grand Council. Government affairs meetings are convened by the Chancellor, and they are held at least six times a year, or if there are special requirements.

The Government Council is only a recommendation committee of the Government Council, which provides proposals on political, religious, medical cooperation and foreign affairs. It is also chaired by the Chancellor and meets at least twice a year. The Committee consists of six knights elected by the Great Council in different regions.

the Board of Auditors is responsible for supervising and auditing the income, expenditure and property of the organization, and is composed of ministers, four permanent members and two non-permanent members, and knights with legal and professional economic and financial backgrounds are elected by the Great Council. The Audit Department is also the proposal committee of the Finance Minister.

The Communications Board supervises the internal and external communication activities of the organization and assists the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the development of publicity affairs. The Minister and six members with professional abilities in the fields of communication, management, public relations and media affairs are elected by the organization.

legislation

The Office of Advocate General is a legal coordination organ established according to laws and regulations. It is organized by independent professional jurists and scholars who are familiar with organizational affairs. Its members are the attorney general and two clerks, all of whom are appointed by the Chancellor with the consent of the Government Council and elected every three years. Every time an organization encounters a particularly complicated legal matter or a necessary case, it needs to seek assistance from the office.

Administration of Justice

The Juridical Council is responsible for providing the professional knowledge about administration of justice for the president, and it is also the judicial advisory body of the government affairs meeting. It consists of the chairman and vice chairman, the secretary-general and four members, all of whom are recommended and appointed by the Council of Government Affairs. The recommended knights have professional knowledge in the Charter, international law and canon.

independent courts are composed of presidents, judges and juries, whose candidates are appointed by the Chancellor and approved by the government council.