Look, a brand-new way of opening national parks-experience and thinking of ecological experience activities in the source of the Yellow River.

Guangming Daily reporter Zhang Lei

Maduo county, Golog Prefecture, Qinghai Province is located in the source area of the Yellow River. 20 19 years ago was a national poverty-stricken county, and the most important way to get rid of poverty was tourism development. However, in the past, the mode of mass tourism was unsustainable, so it was stopped by the Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration on 20 18.

Yun Xiang is naturally registered in maduo county, Qinghai Province, and is authorized by the Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration to carry out the franchise of national park ecological products. Through the model of "enterprise+community+government", relying on the local community at the source of the Yellow River to carry out the participatory management project of herders, and provide ecological experience products and services for the public and national park tourists.

In May, 20021,the reporter went deep into the hinterland of the Yellow River Source Park in Sanjiangyuan National Park with the Yellow River Source Ecological Experience Team of Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration and Yun Xiang Nature Organization, and made a field visit to the future development model of the national park ecological experience.

The scenery of the Yellow River source in May. Quiet words/bright pictures

1, and find the "reaction tank" and "catalyst" to realize the value of ecological products.

The contradiction between nature protection and local social and economic development is one of the most critical problems to be solved in the construction of national parks. It is not only related to how to coordinate the relationship among stakeholders in the process of establishing the national park system, but also determines the governance structure and management mode of the national park, and also affects whether the national park can achieve its construction goal in a sustainable way from the perspective of protection and development, that is, "national ownership, universal enjoyment and intergenerational inheritance". In this context, "the innovation and exploration of national park franchise system" came into being.

In order to strengthen the management of national parks and protect their resource value, according to relevant laws and regulations, national park management agencies introduce a competition mechanism for public products or services provided within the scope of national parks, select appropriate operators, clarify responsibilities and rights, and conduct supervision and management to maximize the service benefits of national parks. This is the so-called "national park franchise"-obviously, national park franchise is the key path to establish and improve the value realization mechanism of ecological products and practice the concept of "clear water and green mountains are priceless assets".

Many people think that since national parks are under the strictest protection, they should be closed like nature reserves, and there should be no human activities such as production and life, let alone business projects such as tourism development. However, in the view of Chloe Wang, the founder of Yunxiang Nature, China's traditional concept of "harmony between man and nature" and the concept of "harmonious development between man and nature" under the background of ecological civilization can actually be understood as forming "the same body of life" by constructing the "interests" of man and nature.

"For the Three Rivers source, it is the endogenous motivation to stimulate the local people to participate actively through protection, the key to make them the main body of protection and realize the harmonious and sustainable development of the ecosystem, and the ultimate goal of building a national park with China characteristics. Wang Lei emphasized that Sanjiangyuan National Park has magnificent mountains and rivers, but it lacks "reaction tanks" and "catalysts". To realize the transformation from "green mountains and green hills" to "Jinshan Yinshan", it is difficult to fully reflect the market value of protected resources, and it is even more difficult to reflect the efficiency differences of local people in protection and enjoyment. The brand value-added system and franchise mechanism of national park products are a kind of "reaction tank and catalyst".

Tibetan wild donkeys are active in the source area of the Yellow River. Quiet words/bright pictures

2. Let community residents directly benefit from franchising.

Qu Dai, a herdsman in Chaze Village, Zhalinghu Township, maduo county, is one of the first beneficiaries of the ecological experience franchise. It was early June 2020, when community workers came to him in the scorching sun to discuss participating in the franchise eco-tourism project. "I have a car, and the community has arranged for me to run transportation. There are three lines from the county seat. Our team has seven or eight cars, and we can earn more than 2000 yuan by running two or three times a month.

The route of eco-tourism goes deep into the hinterland of Sanjiangyuan and goes back and forth for two or three days. In the evening, Qu Dai will rest in the homes of other herders on the route. This kind of "running and resting" life satisfied Qu Dai, but what satisfied him most was his brand-new home. After joining the franchise, he finally saved enough money to buy a new TV set he had been looking for for for a long time in the county. In a blink of an eye, after several trips, he not only turned the old home appliances and furniture upside down, but also had more vegetables on the dining table and more smiling faces for his children and wives.

As can be seen from the changes of life in the Song Dynasty, the franchising of Sanjiangyuan National Park has achieved initial results. According to the relevant person in charge of the Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration, the ecological experience franchise of the Yellow River Source Park began in July 2020 10. By the end of that year, * * * had received 7 batches of 79 tourists, with a cumulative operating income of 3 10000 yuan.

If franchising explores how to define the business scope, utilization intensity and type, time and space of enterprise management, then the goal of national park franchising is to provide environmental education services for the public and benefit the community from participating in ecological experience management activities.

However, the national park franchise mechanism has a bright future, but it is difficult to land, involving many interest groups and being bound by existing laws and policies. At present, Sanjiangyuan National Park is still in the pilot stage of the system, so the construction of franchise mechanism is also groping forward. In Sanjiangyuan National Park, the three franchisees, including Yun Xiang Nature, have a common feature, that is, the community can directly benefit from the reception of tourists and the organization of activities, so that residents can find jobs nearby and increase their income, and their income will be paid according to their work.

Engaged in the research and practice of nature protection for many years, the last thing Chloe Wang wants to see is that "the strictest protection is understood and implemented as a' one size fits all' ban." At present, only 12 guest beds have been designed in the camp of Zhalinghu Township, Huangheyuan Park. 60% to 70% of the cash income from tourists' reception will be returned to the community cooperatives and herders who provide services in that month. In addition to receiving the salary of ecological managers, indigenous people can also share the protection results through green development. According to Chloe Wang, in Yunxiang's natural joining plan, half of the surplus after deducting operating costs will be distributed to community cooperatives through the mode of community participation in joining enterprises, and the rest will be reserved for enterprise development and employee incentives. "We hope that through this franchise project explored and demonstrated at the source of the Yellow River, we can provide jobs for local communities, lead herders to participate in the production of ecological products, and return most of the proceeds to the local area.

According to jiang bo, Deputy Secretary-General of National Parks and Nature Reserves Committee and Senior Engineer of Kunming Survey and Design Institute of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, compared with the mature foreign eco-tourism franchise mode, the biggest highlight of this eco-experience activity at the source of the Yellow River is to try to closely combine social forces with community participation, especially the modern production organization mode of "enterprise+government+cooperative+residents" and the benefit distribution mode of "land share+distribution according to work+secondary distribution".

"The so-called" enterprise+government+cooperative+residents "means that one end connects the domestic and international eco-tourism markets, and the other end connects thousands of households in the community, forming a community of destiny for the government, enterprises, cooperatives and residents, and overcoming the shortcomings of the past" farmhouse tourism "model, such as weak market risk resistance, small product influence and serious homogenization. Jiang bo pointed out that this new mode of production organization is conducive to giving play to the advantages of all parties, and the government gives play to the advantages of organization, coordination and supervision and management; Enterprises give full play to the advantages of line design, human resource management and market operation, and cooperatives play the role of connecting the preceding with the following, organizing and coordinating, driving community residents to participate in business activities, and exploring an integrated, large-scale and professional new way of national park ecological experience.

Compared with other franchise benefit distribution modes, the benefit distribution mode of "land share+distribution according to work+secondary distribution" in the Yellow River source ecological experience franchise can promote community development and effectively solve the contradiction between nature protection and community economic and social development. "In the activities of franchising enterprises to" feed back "the community, they first return to the community residents who are engaged in experience services in the form of labor services, and then distribute them to the community residents in an almost equal way. During the pilot period, local income accounted for 70% of the industrial chain of ecological experience activities. According to the feedback from local residents who participated in the activities, everyone is very willing to accept this cooperation model. Jiang bo believes that, as an exploration of land shareholding, this distribution model emphasizes that community residents are important participants and beneficiaries of franchising, and seeks the balance between average distribution and distribution according to work through primary distribution and secondary distribution of interests, which not only embodies the labor value, but also narrows the distribution gap. Therefore, jiang bo suggested that this practice can be popularized and replicated in other national park franchises.

Local herders are shifting from winter pastures to summer pastures. Quiet words/bright pictures

3. Whether the market recognizes the innovation of enterprises still needs time to observe.

Sanjiangyuan National Park has attracted worldwide attention for its natural holy land and rich biodiversity, but it lacks the value transformation mechanism of ecological products. 20 19 non-governmental environmental protection organizations Shanshui Nature Reserve Center and Drifting China Sports Development Co., Ltd. applied to the Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration for franchise rights to explore how the community can increase its income and achieve sustainable development. At present, these projects are in the pilot. Zhao Yan, director of the Planning and Finance Department of Sanjiangyuan National Park Administration, said frankly: "Sanjiangyuan National Park is the first national park system pilot, and everything is' crossing the river by feeling the stones'. Referring to foreign experience and examples of other industries in China, the franchise system was established.

Obviously, the desire of national park franchise and coordinated development of communities is beautiful, but it is difficult to implement.

"If franchising only relies on local residents and is influenced by knowledge, skill level and life experience, there will be homogenization, lack of scientific management and disorder-obviously, this is not in line with the original intention and appeal of national park construction; If we only rely on enterprises, there will be the problem of commercial profit-seeking, which will not drive the surrounding communities. Therefore, it is necessary for the government and cooperatives to balance the relationship, implement supervision and management, and guide enterprises to develop in the direction of national park construction. Jiang bo pointed out.

In his view, there are interdependent and complementary relationships between community residents and national park franchise enterprises, including geographical dependence, economic dependence and cultural dependence. First of all, the franchise scope of national parks is highly coincident with the "three living spaces" of community residents, and the pastures that tourists pass through in the ecological experience activities at the source of the Yellow River are important means of production for local herders to survive; Secondly, franchising is an effective way to resettle ecological migrants and demobilized residents-compared with the ecological compensation method of direct blood transfusion, franchising can mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of community residents, and can better promote community development through hematopoietic compensation methods such as franchising priority, tax exemption, land shareholding, enterprise dividends, job provision and skill training; Finally, the value of ecological products is not only reflected in the product value of natural resources, but also includes the value of traditional cultural products. Community residents are the inheritors and promoters of original ecological traditional culture. Therefore, national park franchise enterprises must cooperate with community residents in order to benefit from their in-depth participation.

From the perspective of the person in charge of the franchise enterprise, Chloe Wang believes that the focus of the national park system pilot is the construction of system and mechanism, not the construction of "parks". "This is the key issue. After all, ecological protection is the top priority of national parks. To achieve the goal of sustainable development, in franchising, the results of protection can only be transformed into benefits in a sustainable way, and it must be institutionalized and systematic.

Then, in the process of franchising, how to coordinate the relationship between nature protection behavior and commercial operation activities from the institutional mechanism?

It is understood that Sanjiangyuan National Park not only has a pilot scheme and a master plan, but also has special plans such as ecological protection, ecological experience and environmental education, industrial development and franchising, community development and infrastructure construction. Among them, the "Special Plan for Industrial Development and Franchise in Sanjiangyuan National Park" clearly stipulates that with the overall goal of further reducing the direct utilization of natural resources and promoting the improvement of people's livelihood, a positive list of industrial development in the park and its cultivation, support and encouragement policies are formulated, and a franchise list and management measures are formulated.

The Master Plan of Sanjiangyuan National Park issued by the National Development and Reform Commission in June 2065438+2008 also clarified the franchise scope, including ecological experience and environmental education services, organic livestock products processing industry, national costumes, catering, accommodation, tourism commodities and cultural industries. And encourage the establishment of animal husbandry, folk performing arts groups, national handicrafts, ecological experience and other franchise projects, and give policy support.

"Such a standardized institutional basis can ensure that franchising will not go astray, but it will take time to observe whether the market recognizes the actual exploration and innovative practice of franchised enterprises. Chloe Wang said.

Guangming Daily