River landscape engineering promotes the allocation of water resources centered on the city.

(Hebei Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Ministry of Water Resources)

With the acceleration of urbanization in China and the enthusiasm of urban residents for the hydrophilic environment, the development of urban areas is expanding along rivers. The construction of urban river landscape engineering has greatly improved the city's taste and living environment, and its function and role in the construction of eco-city is irreplaceable. Then, how to ensure that water-deficient cities have enough ecological landscape water without negatively affecting the water use and water environment in the surrounding areas is a severe test for engineering construction advocates.

First, the relationship between rivers and cities.

In primitive human society, our ancestors knew that "living by weeds" and rivers were the birthplace of human civilization. Since the existence of human society, the relationship with rivers has roughly experienced three stages: passive adaptation to rivers, interference and possession of rivers, and ecological coexistence with rivers. Thousands of years of human development has also interpreted a grand epic of human control of rivers. As long as we browse the map of the world, we can see that almost all the cities in the world are built along the river. This is not a coincidence, it shows that human civilization and survival and development depend entirely on the sufficient water supply of rivers and the benefits of ships.

Humans depend on rivers, and at the same time they are always in mutual interference and influence with rivers. The change of rivers not only changes nature, but also affects human beings, and more and more affects their own survival, development and future. In many cases, human harm to rivers is caused by people's ignorance and greed. Water pollution and water environment deterioration indicate that there are problems in people's production and lifestyle in the basin. The decline of rivers means that mankind and civilization will face disaster.

Modern rivers are not only the source of urban water supply, but also undertake the function of urban flood control and drainage, relying on natural self-purification ability to absorb urban sewage. However, with the increasing intensity of water resources development in the upper reaches of the basin, the accelerating process of urbanization and industrialization, and the rapid growth of urban population, the increasing amount of urban sewage greatly exceeds the natural purification capacity of rivers, leading to the deterioration of river water quality; People dump garbage into the river at will and occupy the river in various ways, which leads to the continuous degradation of the original functions of natural rivers. Over time, rivers will react on cities and make them unsustainable.

With the world entering 2 1 century, how to balance the sustainable development of human beings and river ecology is a challenge that all countries in the world must face. Recently, some developed countries have realized that human security and happiness at the expense of river ecosystem can only be short-lived. Beginning to consider the existence of river ecology, human beings not only have the right to enjoy the river water resources, but also should cherish the river and protect the water quality, so as to ensure that the river ecosystem is allocated to the necessary water flow process and will not endanger its river life.

Second, the present situation of river engineering and urban river landscape improvement project

(A) Analysis of the present situation of river engineering

Since the mid-20th century, reservoirs have been built in the upper reaches of many rivers in northern China to store flood runoff. Haihe River Basin is located in the key area of Gyeonggi, and the construction of flood control projects has a long history. However, systematic watershed management has been carried out for nearly half a century. 1958, large-scale reservoir construction began in the upper reaches of the mountain area. After the "June 8" flood, it entered the period of water conservancy construction centered on radical treatment of Haihe River. A flood control engineering system consisting of reservoirs, rivers and flood storage and detention areas and a flood control pattern of zoning fortification and flood diversion into the sea for each water system have been initially formed. The completion and application of flood control system has achieved great economic and social benefits in flood control. In order to achieve the purpose of "storage", more than 0.9 million large, medium and small reservoirs/kloc-0 have been built in the upper reaches of Haihe River Basin, with a total storage capacity of about 29.4 billion cubic meters. The ratio of total storage capacity to annual runoff is 1.03, which is 6.0 times of the national average of 0. 1.7 and far exceeds the ratios of 0.34 and 0.20 in the United States and the former Soviet Union. The reservoir dam intercepted the runoff of natural rivers and some underground basic flows, which made the natural rivers in the middle reaches, such as foothills, plains, depressions and lakes, lose their water supply, and the wetland area shifted from some areas in the low-lying plains to mountainous areas, resulting in great changes in the ecological environment of the basin. In addition, with the emergence of continuous drought years, the river runoff decreases, which leads to the drying up of rivers and the decrease of available surface water resources, and the groundwater in the areas along the Yangtze River decreases year by year, which leads to the shortage of water resources and the deterioration of ecological environment, which restricts the sustainable development of urban economy along the Yangtze River.

However, with the development of human society, the population and industrial and mining enterprises are constantly concentrated along the river, which not only increases the flood control burden, but also affects flood control, water resources development and utilization and urban river ecological environment by discharging sewage into the river, dumping garbage, building temporary and permanent buildings on the river beach, unplanned interception of water diversion, and disorderly excavation and sand mining of the river. On the one hand, the rapid development of cities, on the other hand, the decline of water environment quality, this problem has aroused widespread concern of governments at all levels. The resulting comprehensive river regulation project has been gradually launched in major cities and is in the ascendant.

(B) the status of urban river landscape improvement projects

With the acceleration of urbanization and the further demand of urban residents for hydrophilic environment, the trend of urban expansion along the river is becoming more and more obvious, and the upsurge of urban river landscape engineering construction has gradually formed and greatly improved the city image and the living environment. The function and function of river landscape engineering in eco-city construction are increasingly irreplaceable. Taking Hebei Province as an example, in recent years, almost all prefecture-level cities have carried out comprehensive river regulation projects focusing on urban river landscape construction.

Comprehensive improvement project of Hutuo River in Shijiazhuang City: it starts from Huangbizhuang Reservoir in the west and ends at the junction of Gaocheng and Jinzhou in the east, with a total length of 70 kilometers. In the first phase of the project, the urban area of Shijiazhuang 16km, and the waterfront landscape belt was formed before 20 10/July 0/kloc-0. The overall project will be implemented in three phases, when a waterfront landscape corridor will be formed around the northern part of Shijiazhuang, further improving the ecological environment of the provincial capital, including an increase of 8 million square meters of water surface area, 6,543,805 square meters of wetland area and more than 6 million square meters of green space area. It is said that the whole project includes landscape water, wetland water and green space water, and the water demand will reach 80 million cubic meters. Its water sources are mainly the water from Gangnan and Huangbizhuang reservoirs, the abandoned water from the main canal of the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project in the future, metallurgical water and urban reclaimed water.

Water system project around Tangshan city: 57 kilometers long, with 2 dams1block. It is said that "dig a river to connect three rivers to form a water system around the city, and add a lake to connect four lakes to create an urban waterscape". By then, the total water storage area of the built-up area will be 16.5 square kilometers, the water storage capacity will be 20 million square kilometers, and the annual water demand will be 39.4 million to 58.88 million cubic meters, forming a "city in the water, city in the middle"

Water system project in Baoding: According to the general layout of "connecting two reservoirs, transporting gas from west to east, and filling lakes through government", it is divided into four major projects: water source project, rain and sewage diversion project, landscape project and comprehensive improvement of flood control dike. From the Xidayang Reservoir, 30 million cubic meters of water was transferred to the urban area through 70 kilometers, so that seven inland rivers were paid off. By then, the urban water surface area will reach 595 hectares, and the urban river network density will rank first in the province, making it a unique water network landscape city in northern China.

Taking water as the soul, Chengde will build a landscape garden city with "two waters around the city, mountains and rivers reflecting each other, full of spirituality and vitality", with an additional water surface of 4.36 million square meters and a water landscape area of/kloc-0.20 million square meters.

The "Shuicheng Lake City Project" in Hengshui City will excavate and renovate 18 lakes and 30 rivers, which will increase the wetland area on the lake surface from 75 square kilometers to 100 square kilometers.

Zhangjiakou City has made great efforts to build a regional central city, harnessing Qingshui River for 23 kilometers with high standards, starting comprehensive harnessing of Yanghe River for 38.5 kilometers, and building Hu Ming Park with a total area of 106 hectares.

In addition, Xingtai City proposed to create an urban landscape of "two rivers around three mountains and six waters dotted with eight gardens"; Qinhuangdao City will build Liuhe River into a safe river, a clear water river and a landscape river according to the comprehensive management plan of Liuhe River system in the urban area, forming a landscape belt along the river with "one park, two islands, four bridges, five fields, six belts and sixteen views"; Handan strives to build a city of people's happiness; Cangzhou South Canal Comprehensive Improvement Project and Langfang Longhe River Landscape Belt Project.

Throughout the river comprehensive improvement projects in 1 1 prefecture-level cities, the same feature is that urban river landscape construction is the mainstay, and all of them need certain water resources as support. In order to provide landscape water consumption, it ranges from several hundred thousand cubic meters to tens of millions of cubic meters.

Three, to prevent the river landscape improvement project from expanding the urban-rural differences in water resources allocation.

(A) there is indeed a difference in the allocation of water resources between urban and rural areas.

It is an indisputable fact that when there is a serious drought, it is often the countryside and farmers who are most affected. The worst drought in southwest China in the spring of 20 10 fully illustrates this problem. According to Wang Xing, a special correspondent of Wen Wei Po on March 3 1 2065 438, there is a great difference in water consumption between urban and rural areas in the same drought. In Kunming, although the drought lasted for more than five months, as far as the life of residents in Kunming city is concerned, except for the price increase of some grain, flowers and tea, it has hardly been affected and there is basically no restriction on water use. Some water-consuming industries, such as bath centers, are still crowded. As a water source project in Kunming, Yunlong Reservoir supplies 250 million cubic meters of water to the main city of Kunming every year, accounting for more than 70% of the total water supply in the main city of Kunming. The water supply is in the form of tunnel, and the water discharged from the reservoir is transported from underground to the urban area, and no water is needed on the surface along the way. Villagers living around Yunlong Reservoir said, "We can't drink water by the reservoir, so we have to find water by ourselves." At present, in rural areas in arid areas, a bucket of water is always used by farmers for 5 ~ 6 times, which is in sharp contrast with urban water use.

Why can't the countryside and farmers near the reservoir use water? This difference in water use undoubtedly reflects the huge difference between urban and rural areas. A professor at Yunnan University said: "The gap between urban and rural areas is narrowing in some places, but it is still widening in quite a few places. Everyone has long been accustomed to taking the city as the center and giving priority to allocating resources to developed areas. Once it is affected, it is often the underdeveloped rural areas that suffer first, and the feelings of the city are not obvious. " The professor further explained: "In fact, the farmers in the water source originally owned water resources, but they were artificially transferred. The construction of reservoirs and hydropower stations ensures the downstream production and life, but at the expense of the upstream residents' interests. When the drought comes, the farmers in the water source area bear the brunt. Objectively speaking, it is not enough for the government to consider the interests of farmers' water resources. "Similar differences between urban and rural areas are not only reflected in the right to use water resources, but also in the construction and maintenance of water conservancy facilities. Dawa, director of the Yunnan Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters Office, said, "Although 55 14 large, medium and small reservoirs have been built in Yunnan by the end of 2009, most of these projects are concentrated in the vicinity of urban areas such as prefectures and cities, and quite a few facilities were built in the 1960s and 1970s, which have been in disrepair. "An engineer from Yunnan Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute told the reporter:" For rural water conservancy facilities, they are basically small reservoirs and small ponds, and there are also some small water pits dug by the masses spontaneously. They can also store some water when it rains. Once the drought comes, they all lose their function completely. Farmers either want their own water or wait for the water truck at home. Professor Yunnan University said: "Instead of donating water to fight drought passively, it is better to take effective measures to save urban water and use the saved funds and water resources to improve farmers' basic living conditions. When necessary, the government should consider giving farmers, especially those in water sources, appropriate economic compensation, which is also an ecological compensation. " Except Yunnan and Kunming, the situation in other places is actually similar. It is inevitable to give priority to the allocation of resources to developed areas, and the government's macro-control and policy guidance are particularly prominent.

(2) The river landscape project has further promoted the allocation of water resources centered on the city.

As an important factor of urban natural environment, water system is the skeleton network of urban construction, which affects the appearance, nature and land layout of the city. To some extent, the river system can influence the characteristics of the city more than the buildings in the city. Therefore, in the process of urban planning and construction, we attach great importance to the management of water system, and use urban rivers and lakes and their attached green spaces to create unique urban river landscapes with multiple functions such as human settlement, leisure, tourism, commerce and culture.

The most important premise of urban river water landscape engineering construction should be sufficient water source guarantee. Only in this way can it truly conform to the good ecological environment of a mountain-water city.

People may have retained the nature of human ancestors "living on weeds". In recent years, as long as there is water, the construction of commercial and residential areas there will be booming, and the real estate prices there will soar. However, passive water will not last long, and the artificial water surface will not be supported by subsequent water sources, and then it will either dry up naturally or be a pool of stagnant water. However, the pursuit of economic interests and the concept of quick success often contribute to the construction of urban water landscape. After widening roads and squares, dams have been built in urban rivers all over the country to expand water bodies and water surfaces, and water landscape construction has become a fashion. The scale and speed are beyond people's expectation.

Urban river is a subsystem of river basin water system, and the development and utilization of river basin water resources by urban river water landscape system will inevitably lead to the spatial and temporal redistribution of river basin water resources. The planning of urban river landscape engineering should be coordinated with the comprehensive planning of river basin water resources, and the planning and construction of urban river landscape must be considered from a wider scope, and the urban water landscape engineering measures should be rationally optimized and comprehensively utilized. There is a shortage of water resources in northern China, and the degree of development and utilization of water resources in river basins has been very high. If the urban river landscape project is developed on a large scale and the water consumption of urban water landscape is expanded at will, the use and consumption of water resources will increase. If the urban river landscape project only considers the development needs of the city itself, it will affect the agricultural water consumption in the lower reaches of the river and the deteriorating river ecology. The river landscape improvement project has further promoted the distribution trend of water resources allocation in the city center.

(3) Urban river landscape engineering planning should rationally allocate water resources.

Effective progress has been made in the conservation, protection and rational utilization of water resources in China, but the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is still very prominent. More than 400 cities in China are short of water, of which 1 10 is seriously short of water. Of the 32 megacities with a population of over one million, 30 have been plagued by water shortage for a long time. Then, how to ensure enough ecological landscape water in water-deficient cities is a severe test for engineering construction advocates. The most ideal method is of course to increase the sewage treatment capacity and rely on reclaimed water resources to meet this water demand. However, judging from the current situation, this way out is not realistic. Therefore, water transfer from upstream reservoirs or other areas is still the main source of ecological water use in many cities.

In fact, the water landscape of cities in the northern region is not indispensable, and it should be regarded as a luxury to some extent. Even if you do it, you don't have to do it on such a large scale and with such a high standard. For example, large fountains and artificial lakes have been built in various hotels in Las Vegas, the United States. However, because Las Vegas is a city in the desert and there is no water source, the landscape water in the city is transported from a distance by giant trucks. What's more, once the urban water landscape is built, its existence and long-term operation must be considered. The water stored in urban rivers and lakes must maintain a certain amount of water, suitable water level and qualified water quality. Otherwise, it will still be a pool of stagnant water and smelly water. So how can water-deficient cities meet the requirements of long-term external water transfer to maintain landscape water demand? In a developed city, residents' domestic water consumption and economic growth depend on transferring water from surrounding areas to solve environmental problems; The construction of water landscape also needs to transfer water from the surrounding areas, especially the areas where water resources are transferred out are all water-deficient or even seriously water-deficient, which is tantamount to "digging up meat to patch up sores". When the builders of a city plan the urban water landscape with good wishes, their eyes are often only fixed on the city in front of them, and the focus of attention is often only on the interests of the city itself, but the harmonious relationship between the city and its surrounding areas, even economically underdeveloped areas, is ignored; Ignoring the relationship between "* * life, * * existence, * * glory, * * * joy * * elegance" and the relationship between honor and disgrace and * * *.

Historical experience has proved that if rural resources, manpower, capital and logistics always flow to cities in one direction, not only will rural areas become poorer and poorer, but cities will also become more and more deformed. In addition, relevant data show that every 1 hectare of forest in developed countries will endanger 10 hectare of land in developing countries. By the same token, when we build waterscape in the city, water resources will be transferred out, and a large area of land will inevitably be short of water. Therefore, if we do not proceed from reality, in order to blindly develop urban water landscape projects and build urban image projects, we will develop water landscapes on a large scale in cities that are already seriously short of water and transfer water from surrounding areas, which will not only directly aggravate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in surrounding areas, but also increase the pressure on production and life there and induce water disputes. This practice obviously deviates from the purpose of harmonious coexistence between man and nature and building a harmonious society advocated by the central government.

(D) Urban river landscape engineering construction should be conducive to social harmony.

For a long time, local interests and short-term interests have always been an indelible force, undermining the overall interests and long-term interests of society in various ways. When there is water shortage, they compete for water with each other. If there is more water, they will have to eat their neighbors. With the continuous development of economy and society, the demand for water resources in various places is increasing. Urban water landscape construction can not unilaterally proceed from local interests, affect or destroy the overall and long-term interests of river basins or regions, and even make the unstable factors caused by water shortage more obvious and prominent. Never beggar your neighbor and divert sewage to the surrounding and downstream areas simply to clean the water in urban rivers and lakes, so that the pollution source will move, polluting the water environment in other areas and causing water pollution disputes.

Four. conclusion

At present, the social and economic development of urban and rural areas in China is unbalanced. Large-scale construction of urban river landscape projects in large and medium-sized cities has promoted the allocation of water resources to be more city-centered, and expanded the existing differences between urban and rural areas in water resources allocation. In the process of urbanization, efforts should be made to build an eco-city, comprehensively harness urban rivers, improve urban taste and improve urban environment, but we should prevent a large number of precious water sources in water-deficient areas from being transferred to cities by administrative means to create water landscapes, and unilaterally pursue luxurious improvement of human settlements and commercial and residential environments. Governments and policy makers should pay attention to the vast rural areas outside cities. Carefully investigate whether the resources obtained and the good environment created in our city have affected the living and production water of rural areas and farmers outside the city; Whether it harms the vital interests of people living outside the city. If Shui Yuan flowing in urban rivers is regarded as the life-saving water for rural production and life, and the sewage from urban rivers is discharged or diverted to keep the landscape water of urban rivers clean, which pollutes the rivers and environment in the downstream areas, it is obvious that there is still a certain gap between our work and the concept of building a harmonious socialist society.

refer to

[1] Wang Yujun et al. Thoughts on the lack of urban water landscape construction planning. Water Conservancy Planning and Design, 2009( 1)

[2] Zheng Lianhe, et al. The relationship between northern rivers and neighboring cities and its comprehensive management. Haihe Water Conservancy, 2008(5)

[3] Sun. Restoration and reconstruction of water environment and utilization of flood resources in Haihe River basin. Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2007,32 (2a)

[4] Huang Cheng. Thoughts on the construction of urban waterscape. Haihe Water Conservancy, 2005(4)

Von. Hutuo River will become a 16 km landscape belt. Zhao Yan Metropolis Daily, 20 10-05-0 1.

[6] Dong, et al. The water system around Tangshan is navigable, and a livable water city in North China is emerging. Hebei Daily 20 10-04-30

[7] Xu Shunlan, et al. Baoding vigorously builds large water systems. Hebei Daily, 20 10-06- 10

[8] Ma Guochen, etc.: Chengde: Landscape Garden City in the year of decisive battle. Hebei Daily, 20 10-05-06.

[9] Wang Cuilian, et al. Zhangjiakou strives to build a regional central city. Hebei Daily 20 10-04-29

Qi, and so on Handan to build a city of people's happiness. Hebei daily 20 10-06-09

[1 1] Xing Shiyan et al. The Rise of the Lying Cow: An Interpretation of Xingtai Urban Construction. Hebei Daily, September 2008-18

Ma lichao. Transformation of "Six Rivers" in Port City and Weaving of "Green Ribbon" in the City. Hebei Daily, September 2008-18

[13] Ma Yanming et al., "Hengshui Lake City Acceleration": Hengshui Lake Eco-city seeks to build a leisure resort. Hebei daily 20 10-03-02

[14] Sun,, et al. Building a famous leisure and business city around Bohai Sea: the dream of a young city. Hebei daily, 20 10-05- 17

[15] Hong Xu et al. Cangzhou builds the economic growth pole of central and southern Hebei. Bohai Morning Post, 20 10-03- 17

[16] Wang Xing. Why do farmers always get hurt in the face of drought? Wen Wei Po, 20 10-03-3 1