"North-South Transfer" and "North-South Transfer" in Ming Dynasty: How much influence did it have on Guizhou?

In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Youde, Mu Ying, Aquamarine and others to lead 300,000 troops to fight against the remnants of Zara Valmy, the king of Mongolian Liang Yuan who had conquered Yunnan. 1384, Yunnan was pacified, Fu Youde and Aquamarine were ordered to return to North Korea, and Mu Ying continued to guard Yunnan-Guizhou. Since then, the Ming dynasty has sent troops into Yunnan-Guizhou area, forming a military bunker. This is the famous "North Transfer" in history. Since then, the Ming Dynasty has implemented the immigration policy of "planting widely and harvesting sparingly", encouraging densely populated areas in the south of the Yangtze River and Jiangxi to immigrate to Guizhou, and giving land to them, thus forming a "folk village". This matter is called "transferring the north to fill the south" The first large-scale migration activity in Guizhou history was formed by "moving north to south" and "moving north to fill south", which greatly accelerated the process of "returning home" and the development of economy and culture in Guizhou, and had a far-reaching impact on Guizhou society. First, before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Guizhou was still in a "wild" state, and the central government's control over Guizhou was also very weak. Since the Tang Dynasty, Guizhou has gradually formed four chieftains: Shi Yang in Bozhou, Shi Tian in Sizhou, Songshi in Shuidong and Luoshi in Shuixi, and Bafan in southern Guizhou. Among them, Bozhou, Sizhou and Shuidong have made certain achievements in economic development, and Chinese culture has taken root in this area. But generally speaking, most areas in Guizhou are sparsely populated and economically backward. If we want to develop Guizhou's economy and culture on a large scale, we must abolish the toast system. However, these chieftains have existed in Guizhou for hundreds or even thousands of years, and their influence is deeply rooted and intertwined. For example, countries such as Bozhou have strong military forces. The central dynasties of past dynasties can only admit their dominant position, and the reform is difficult to implement. Hailongdun: The "Northern Diversion and Southern Extension" of Bozhou Tusi Site in the early Ming Dynasty broke this deadlock. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the four chieftains in Guizhou surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, which provided conditions for Zhu Yuanzhang to send troops to conquer Yunnan. In the 14th year of Hongwu (138 1), 300,000 troops of the Ming Dynasty marched into Yunnan from Guizhou and Sichuan, and Liang Wang's influence in Yunnan was quickly eliminated. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Mu Ying and his descendants to guard Yunnan for a long time, and stationed a large number of troops in Yunnan and Guizhou. In Guizhou, the areas where the Ming Dynasty chose to station troops cleverly avoided the jurisdiction of the four chieftains, and most of them were stationed in Anshun, which was beyond the control of the four chieftains. Secondly, Guiyang and Duyun also have a considerable number of garrisons. The presence of the Ming army in Guizhou undoubtedly strengthened the Ming Dynasty's control over the four chieftains in Guizhou. During the Ming Dynasty in Yunshan Tun, the highest local military organization was the DuDu Division, which was under the Defense Department. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, with the Ming army stationed in Guizhou, Dusi and Weishi began to set up. In the year of pacifying Yunnan, the Guizhou Provincial Military Organization-Guizhou Command was established. Guizhou Dusi has 24 guards, including Guizhou Wei, Yongning Wei, Puding Wei, Pingyue Wei, Wusa Wei, Pu Wei, Stratum Wei (Ge), Chishui Wei, Wei Qing Wei, Xinglong Wei, Xintianwei, Qingping Wei, Pingba Wei, Anzhuang Wei, Longli Wei, An Nan Wei, Duyun Wei, Bijie Wei and Huang Pingwei. These health centers became the strongholds of the Ming Dynasty ruling Guizhou. Like cobwebs, they firmly control the situation in Guizhou from point to surface. The existence of the military force of Qingzhen Acropolis is the guarantee for Guizhou to implement "changing soil into flow". In the early Ming Dynasty, small chieftains other than the four big chieftains were gradually abolished, and local counties and counties began to be established, which quietly opened the road of "changing soil into flow" in Guizhou. Before the establishment of Guizhou Military Affairs Bureau, Puding Prefecture, Anshun Prefecture, Duyun Prefecture and Fancheng Prefecture had appeared in the area under the jurisdiction of Guizhou Military Affairs Bureau. Although there are many chieftain organizations under these counties, they are basically low-level chieftains, with long litigation level and little influence. In the core areas of these counties, the Ming Dynasty implemented the same official administration as the Central Plains, which prepared the conditions for Guizhou to establish a province. When the soldiers and horses of Jiaxiulou in Guiyang enter, they can devour the small toast or destroy the big toast at an appropriate time. During the Yongle period, the two chieftains of Sinantin fought against each other, which provided opportunities and excuses for the Yongle Emperor. 14 13, Ming Chengzu sent troops to wipe out the Tian family in Sizhou. Besides the Xuanwei Department of Sizhou and the Xuanwei Department of Sinan, there were eight governments, including Guiyang, Duyun, Liping, Sinan, Sizhou, Zhenyuan, Tongren and Shiqian. The changes in the maps of Sizhou and Sinan make it ripe for Guizhou to build a province. 14 13, Guizhou foreign affairs department was formally established, and then four states and eight states in Sinan were incorporated into Guizhou province. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Duyun Prefecture and Fancheng Prefecture (later renamed Guiyang Prefecture) were successively incorporated into Guizhou, and Guizhou began to take shape. 1600, Yang rebelled in Bozhou, and the Ming Dynasty launched the "Pingbo War", which abolished Bozhou Propaganda Department and set up Zunyi House and Heping Yuefu House, which were respectively assigned to Sichuan, Guizhou and Guizhou. 1630, Shuidong Song rebelled against Anshi. Finally, the "Twelve Horses" of Shuidong Song Family were abolished and Kaizhou was established. The Xifeng and Xiuwen of Anshi were placed under the direct jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty and merged into Guiyang Prefecture. It can be seen that the policy of "changing soil into water" in Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty was based on the military guarantee of the Ming army's "moving north and conquering south". By the end of the Ming Dynasty, three of the four chieftains in Guizhou were eliminated, and the influence of Shui Xi 'an was greatly weakened, so it could only survive. The return of Guizhou to the motherland has greatly promoted the economic and cultural development of Guizhou. Second, the development of immigration activities on Guizhou's economy Before the Ming Dynasty, Guizhou's social economy was very backward, and many areas were still in the economic form of "slash and burn". Only relatively flat dams had agricultural production. According to historical records, in the early Ming Dynasty, Guizhou "had no system of local taxes for the city, no code to welcome guests and rejuvenate the country, but it was still a barren land". However, the economic development in all parts of Guizhou is also unbalanced, and the manor economy in Bozhou is also relatively developed. There are a large number of primitive commune systems such as drum society system, lang system, Yao old system and shipai system in the Dong and Miao areas of southeastern Guizhou. Pingba 1382 has not been solved in Yunnan, but the supply of grain and grass for the army is a very serious problem. In this regard, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered "stationing troops in Puding, Puan and Wusha in western Guizhou to give them", which began the history of stationing troops in Guizhou. After the pacification of Yunnan, the Yunnan-Guizhou region was not completely pacified, and local and sporadic rebellions and uprisings occurred from time to time. In view of this situation, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the troops to stay in Guizhou and reclaim land for a long time. Garrison is closely related to the establishment of health centers. Where there is a health center, there must be wasteland. Farming and fighting, soldiers and farmers are one. According to the regulations, the military camp in Guizhou is "three points for guarding the city and seven points for farming". Officers and soldiers grant different amounts of land according to grades, and the state provides cattle, seeds, farm tools, etc. The number of military camps in Guizhou is very considerable. After 60 years of operation, by the time of Xuande, there were more than 700 military camps in Dushi, Guizhou, covering an area of more than 900,000 mu. "The seeds collected are enough for the army. "These bunkers are mainly distributed in Guiyang, Anshun and Pu 'an, forming a layout of' Wei scattered in counties and thousands of bunkers are listed in Yuan Ye'. This area is relatively flat, which is very suitable for developing agriculture. Today, there are still a large number of tunbao remains in this area, such as Tianlongtun, Yunshan Tun, Benzhai and Baojiatun. A large number of bunkers are scattered all over the place. They brought the agricultural production technology and advanced production tools from the Central Plains to the originally backward mountainous areas in Guizhou, which greatly accelerated the agricultural development in Guizhou. In addition to the military camps in this village, Guizhou has also formed folk chariots and commercial chariots. In the early Ming dynasty, the immigration policy of "moving to a wider country" was implemented, that is, the population of densely populated Jiangxi and other places was moved to a vast and sparsely populated place. In addition, * * * has also implemented the policy of "shifting facts from crimes", putting criminals in marginal areas and joining the ranks of the people. Through these policies, the famous migration activity of "transferring the north to fill the south" in the history of China was formed. Judging from the history of Chinese immigration, 2.2 million people migrated to the southwest during the Hongwu period, including 420,000 immigrants to Guizhou, ranking first in the southwest. Immigrants entering Guizhou provide land, cattle, farm tools, seeds, etc. And provide preferential treatment, pay taxes after three years. According to the statistics of Guizhou Tongzhi, during Jiajing period, the scale of private villages in Guizhou has reached 470,000 mu, and in Wanli period, this number has increased to 6,543,800+0,340 mu. Due to the increasing number of people's villages, the Ming Dynasty set up new counties and cities in Guizhou, forming a situation of "Wei ruling the army and counties and cities governing the people". Shen Wansan's former residence is accompanied by Tianlong Tunpu, Mintun and Shangtun. Shangtun was established in the Ming Dynasty to solve the shortage of food and salt in the wasteland area. In the early Ming Dynasty, salt merchants were all around, which was called Shangtun. The rise of Shangtun was closely related to China's opening to the outside world in the early Ming Dynasty. Shangtun is closely related to "Zhong Kai". Because Guizhou was short of food and salt at that time, * * * recruited businessmen to come to Guizhou Nano to obtain the qualification of operating salt, which is also known as "Zhong Kai". With the support of the "open China" policy, many businessmen entered Guizhou. They "recruit people to cultivate seeds and build castles to protect themselves" and formed a commercial village. Shangtun belongs to the military and civilian villages, and their appearance not only provides a guarantee for Guizhou's farming career, but also accelerates the progress of Guizhou's commerce. With the development of farmland and the inflow of population, the economy of Guizhou has undergone earth-shaking changes. Terraces have been developed in the mountainous areas of Guizhou Plateau, and the cultivated land area has been expanded, and the grain output has also increased. The development of agriculture has also promoted the rise of commerce. A large number of immigrants formed settlements, which promoted the rise of cities in Guizhou, such as Sinan House, merchants gathering, people's settlement trade and Tongren House. Liping House, located in the lower reaches of Qingshui River, became an important timber mining base in Ming Dynasty. Pu is called "rushing to a dramatic place" ... all directions converge to make it a metropolis. Among them, Guiyang is located in the geographical center of Guizhou Province, and the postal routes such as Sichuan-Guizhou, Yunnan-Guizhou, Guizhou-Guizhou and Hunan-Guizhou meet, laying the foundation for Guiyang to become a southwest transportation hub. Three. Immigration and the Development of Guizhou Culture Before the Ming Dynasty, the residents in Guizhou were mainly ethnic minorities, and the culture was far from the surrounding areas. Historically speaking, "people in the past were all foreigners", "surgery department" and "eating hair and drinking blood". Han culture only spreads in Bozhou, Shuidong and Sizhou. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang advocated education in minority areas. He regards "extensive education, changing customs and habits, making it the same as China" as one of the basic national policies. While promoting the spread of Confucianism, Zhu Yuanzhang also promoted the spread of Buddhism, Taoism and other cultures in ethnic minority areas. After Guizhou Sikui surrendered, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Sikui to establish Xuanwei School, and the official education system began to be established in southwest China. The massive migration of Tunpu people into Guizhou will inevitably change the ethnic structure of Guizhou and promote the spread of Chinese culture. During the Ming dynasty, the health center was a self-contained area, and the military households under its unified management were a military and political unit. Most of these military families come from the Central Plains, Jiangnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi and other culturally developed areas. After entering Guizhou, they demanded the establishment of Confucianism, so they generally established health preservation. In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), Puding Micro-Confucianism was established, which set an example for the whole province and mushroomed all over Guizhou. In addition to health science, schools and academies have been built in Tunpu, which laid the foundation for the development of education in Guizhou. In the twenty-five years of Wanli (1597), Guizhou Province recommended 233 1 students, 943 of whom came from hospitals, which shows the importance of health education. In the Ming Dynasty, the development of education in Guizhou was obvious. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were no courses in Guizhou. With the development of education and culture in Guizhou, Guizhou began to be incorporated into the national imperial examination system. In the first year of Hongxi (1425), the Ming Dynasty issued a decree that Guizhou belonged to Guizhou, and Huguang tried it as long as anyone who was willing to try it. Xuande four years (1429), changed to Yungui. In the seventh year of Jingtai (1456), there were 30 candidates in Dingyungui township and 10 candidates in Guizhou. Since then, the number of candidates in Guizhou has been increasing, and 15 10 has reached 26. 1535, in order to encourage Guizhou scholars to take the imperial examination, Yunnan and Guizhou were allowed to set up their own subjects. Since the opening of Guizhou, there were 109 people in Guizhou in the whole Ming Dynasty. Although the overall level is far behind the developed areas, great progress has been made in vertical comparison. The prosperity of culture and education in Anshun Confucian Temple gradually adapted to the cultural atmosphere in Guizhou, which made the original wild land gradually integrate with the Central Plains and accelerated the cultural integration in Guizhou. For example, Sinan Mansion "lives in a mixed house and is gradually influenced by Chinese style", Shiqian Mansion "learns to be influenced by Chinese style", Liping Mansion "wears Chinese style" and Pudingwei "attaches five kinds of Guo Yimin, but their habits are different. The army relied on the control and influence of the guards, and gradually dyed the customs of the Central Plains. "In Anshun, Guizhou, there are still hundreds of tunpu relics, and there are hundreds of thousands of tunpu descendants. Their older generation are all dressed in Ming Dynasty costumes. The speakers speak strong Jiangnan Wu language and retain ancient local operas. These are living fossils of immigrant culture in Ming Dynasty. Xidi