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Is Mazu's influence in the southeast coast of China or in Southeast Asia?
Mazu culture-connotation
Mazu culture
As far as the connotation of Mazu culture is concerned, although Mazu did not leave any works or any ideological system in her short life, her noble sentiments and heroic deeds of love for labor and people, bravery and selfless dedication reflected the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation and formed great spiritual strength. After Mazu's sacrifice, according to their own wishes and ideals, people further shaped her into a goddess of compassion and fraternity, protecting the country and benefiting the people, respectable and amiable, with the aim of educating future generations and carrying forward the national spirit. "It is rumored that Li Ze is still alive" and "Saving the country after death is still effective"-these are the poems of Huang Gongdu, the champion of the Song Dynasty; "But when you look at me going back and forth, I won't say anything"-this is a poem by Chen Mi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty. "Rain and dew fall all over the ground, and the sea is quiet and rough"-this is a poem by Zhang Jian, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty. "Help the weak and help the poor, come at once and go away at once"-this is the inscription of Emperor Yongle, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. These poems not only highly summarize the spirit of Mazu, but also show that politicians, thinkers and writers of past dynasties attached great importance to Mazu's educational function, hoping to make this folk belief a driving force for promoting national prosperity, national unity and people's livelihood. In this sense, Mazu spirit is undoubtedly one of the outstanding cultural heritages of the Chinese nation.
Mazu culture-communication
The spread of Mazu culture benefited from the development of marine industry in China.
The appearance of Mazu lived up to expectations. Gao Cheng went to Ryukyu during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. There is a vivid record in his "Record of Making Ryukyu", which says: "The ship is swaying in the wind and waves, and the sail is broken, the pole is broken, and the rudder blade is lost. The boatman sadly falls in Tian Fei, so Yun Fei can change the rudder immediately to ensure safety. In the huge waves, the rudder blade weighs two or three thousand kilograms. Because of the protection of the gods, the strength has doubled. It takes more than 100 people to change the rudder. Today, more than 30 people are in danger. " The attack on Purple Mountain and the rescue of Hefei in the first year of Jubilee in the Southern Song Dynasty also used Mazu's spiritual function to boost morale. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, people have been used to helping Poseidon in the same boat and praying day and night. In the Yuan Dynasty, the idea of "transferring grain from the south to the north" was first adopted by Prime Minister Pingzhang. At first, the government built ships to transport the national grain directly from Jiangnan grain area to zhi gu. Later, it hired private ships for maritime transportation, and private businessmen also participated in maritime transportation. At that time, from Guangzhou to Tianfei Palace in Tianjin, one after another, from which we can get a glimpse of the sailors' belief in Mazu. Zheng He made seven voyages to the West and prayed in the ancestral temple. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of Han people marched on the Nanyang Islands, all carrying the statue of Mazu, which shows that Mazu is the patron saint of China's traditional maritime industry. In addition, after Japan accepted the spread of Mazu, it developed into a "Mazu Society" and stipulated the worship system in the form of religion. Every family in Taiwan Province Province believes in Mazu, which is called "opening as a mother", and both sides of the Taiwan Strait also believe in Mazu. Therefore, Mazu is also a goddess of peace who communicates across the Taiwan Strait and keeps close contact with compatriots.
What needs to be mentioned here is the role played by Tianhou Palace and Dengzhou Port in Penglai Pavilion, the earliest and largest building in ancient north China, in the spread of Mazu culture to the north and in the spread of China and eastern countries.
Mazu culture-development
Tianjin Mazu Cultural Tourism Festival
In ancient times, Dengzhou was the transportation hub from Guangzhou to Beijing and Tianjin, and the main road between the imperial court and the eastern countries. It is an important port to undertake trade, diplomacy and cultural exchange activities in the north, and its status is much higher than the later "four famous ports" of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou and Yangzhou.
First of all, Mazu is the patron saint of sea navigation. Mazu culture spread to the coast of Bohai Bay along the maritime transportation routes from Guangdong and Fujian to Beijing, Tianjin and Northeast China, and merged with local culture to form a benign interaction with urban development. Mazu culture spread rapidly and gradually became the belief of local people, so that "sailors were extremely devout and ordinary people gradually believed ... Tianhou became the god in charge of everything". At the symposium on "Mazu culture and the rise of coastal cities" held in the first "Mazu Cultural Tourism Festival" in 200 1 Tianjin, some scholars found that the evolution track of Mazu culture was "ancestors followed the temple and the temple gathered people". Then, "prospering the city with temples, prospering the city with temples" formed a benign interactive situation in which temples flourished and cities prospered. If Tianjin was originally "gathering people with temples", then Dengzhou can be said to be "prospering temples with cities". Dengzhou is a maritime transportation hub connecting the north and south of China, especially Tianjin, and the largest port in the north. Navigation is closely related to Mazu. Therefore, Mazu culture was quickly accepted by local culture and people's beliefs after it was introduced from the south, and was digested and accommodated by the special geographical and maritime traffic advantages of the port, and gradually became the dominant marine culture in the north at that time.
At the same time, the introduction of Mazu culture has also gathered popularity for Dengzhou, promoted the prosperity and development of the city, and formed a benign situation in which temples and cities complement each other. The Tianhou Palace in Penglai Pavilion was first built in Song Huizong (36 times in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties). In the fourth year of Xuanhe (AD 1 122), the temple was built earlier, even in the coastal areas of Fujian where Mazu culture originated. There is no doubt that the earliest and largest Mazu Tempel was built for the north and Dengzhou.
Mazu culture-influence
Mazu culture spread from south to north, then spread to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and other Northeast Asian countries along the "Oriental Maritime Silk Road" in the north, and finally crossed the Bering Strait in the north to the north of China. As the center of Mazu belief and Mazu culture spread in the northern coastal areas, Dengzhou ancient port also played an irreplaceable role.
Dengzhou in ancient times was the port of origin of the Oriental Maritime Silk Road. Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 43, Chapter 7 of Geography, contains: "Dengzhou Sea enters Korea and Bohai Road", which starts from Dengzhou Port and is divided into two parts. Part of it starts from Dengzhou Port, crosses Bohai Strait to Lushunkou, Liaoning Province, then goes along Liaodong Peninsula to the mouth of Yalu River, then goes south along Korean Peninsula, and crosses Ma Dui Strait to Japan. The other one starts from Dengzhou Port, passes through Bajiao and Zhifu, then passes through the Yellow Sea to Incheon, Korea, then goes south along the Korean Peninsula, and then passes through the Taiwan Province Strait to Japan. The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of China's ancient maritime trade and foreign exchange. Especially after the mid-Tang Dynasty, Dengzhou became the largest port in northern China with its special geographical advantages, and played an important role in the diplomacy and trade between Tang Ting and the Korean Peninsula and neighboring countries. Although Liao invaded the North for many times in Song Dynasty, the communication between the two countries must be completed by the sea fleet because the land traffic from the mainland to Liaodong Peninsula and Korean Peninsula was blocked. In addition, with the improvement of shipbuilding level and navigation technology in Song Dynasty and the invention and use of compass, navigation became safer, the route distance was obviously shortened, and the diplomatic envoys and trade exchanges between the two countries were frequent and sharp. When the Northern Song Dynasty perished, the Southern Song Dynasty fought against Jin in Shandong Peninsula, and the sea road moved south. The Yuan Dynasty mainly developed land transportation and maritime transportation, and China's foreign trade was bound. However, due to the long and dangerous route from the port near Juniper to the Korean Peninsula across the Yellow Sea, the Ming court in Nanjing, its capital, accepted the request of the King of Korea and promised to divert to Dengzhou via southern Liaoning, and was promoted to Dengzhou Secretariat on 1376. "Shi Minglu" made the following statement on the reasons for the establishment of Dengzhou Prefecture: "Dengzhou and Laizhou are both close to the sea and are the main traffic routes between North Korea and Japan. It is not enough to build it into a town unless it is built and strengthened. " Therefore, the ancient port of Dengzhou was still the main outlet for North Korean envoys to sail and set sail in the early Ming Dynasty ... Where there were ships, there were Mazu, where there were China people, and there were Mazu Tempel. Believing that there is no national boundary, the "Goddess of the Sea" sailed eastward from Penglai along the Dengzhou Sea Road, sending peace and tranquility to travelers.
Research on Mazu culture
In the history of science and technology, Mazu Tempel also has its unique position. In ancient times, there was a custom of sailing. When a new ship is launched, it is necessary to make a model to be enshrined in Mazu Tempel, so that Mazu will always be concerned about the safety of the ship, and many ancient ship models have been left in Mazu Tempel. There are more than 350 ancient ship models in Miaodao and Mazu Tempel, including a blessing ship, a sand boat and a Weiyuan warship model, which were presented by the national hero Deng Shichang. These ship models have become important materials for studying the history of ancient shipbuilding in China. There are a number of ancient buildings in Mazu Tempel, such as Tianhou Palace in Quanzhou, Fujian, Jingdezhen in Shandong, Chenghai in Jiangxi, Zhenyuan in Guangdong, Zhenyuan in Guizhou, Qing 'an Hall in Ningbo, etc., which are extremely precious works of ancient architecture art from temple structural modeling to various carving components. In addition, Mazu Tempel has preserved some special scientific and technological relics. For example, there is a star map of Ming Dynasty in Tianhou Palace, Hanjiang, Putian, which is a rare material for studying ancient directional navigation in China by using the star map. The fire fighting "water machine" stored in Tianhou Palace in Tianjin is one of the earliest mechanical fire fighting equipment discovered so far.
The formation of Mazu culture itself has also left considerable spiritual wealth to mankind. At present, only the historical documents of Mazu belief are directly recorded, and the most conservative estimate is more than one million words. It involves many topics in the fields of economy, politics, military affairs, diplomacy, literature, art, education, science and technology, religion, folklore, overseas Chinese, immigration, etc., with rich content and high historical value. Famous historians in China, such as Gu Jiegang and Ke Zhao, have published many papers about ancestors and the day after tomorrow, which have aroused repercussions in academic circles. After 20 years' research, Taiwan Province scholar Li Xianzhang finally wrote the book Mazu Belief, which became the first highly academic monograph on Mazu research in China. Since 1980s, Taiwan Province Province, Macau, Xiamen and other places have set off an upsurge of Mazu research, held many academic seminars on Mazu culture, and published nearly 100 academic monographs, such as Mazu Scholars at Home and Abroad, Essays on Mazu Research, Compilation of Mazu Research Materials, Compilation of Mazu Literature Materials, Mazu Belief and Ancestral Temple, Meizhou Mazu and so on. In recent years, "Mazu Cultural Tourism Festival" has sprung up everywhere, such as Tianjin, Macao, Fujian and other places, which shows the vitality of Mazu culture.
Mazu culture-values
Mazu culture
For thousands of years, no matter how much the ruling and opposition parties and the people worship Mazu and love Mazu, from today's materialistic point of view, Mazu belief is unavoidable. However, from Mazu's humanistic perspective, the contemporary function of his belief is still obvious, leaving aside his pure idealism thoughts such as "Ascension to Heaven" and "Manifestation".
1, carrying forward patriotism and promoting the peaceful reunification of the motherland. Mainland China and Taiwan Province Province are of the same ancestry, which have passed on the culture for more than 1000 years and formed an indestructible national consciousness. Mazu is the "God" of China, and Mazu's patriotism also determines the patriotism of his followers. On May 6th, 1989, more than 200 Taiwan Province compatriots broke the ban of Taiwan Province authorities and arrived in Mazu Tempel, Meizhou by boat. 1997 65438+/kloc-0. From October to May, Mazu in Meizhou toured in Taiwan Province Province/kloc-0. 03 days, staying in 36 temples and receiving Mazu followers in Taiwan Province Province/kloc-0. 00000 people, which caused great repercussions on the island of Taiwan Province Province. On July 25th, 2002, Mazu flew directly to Penghu, where thousands of people worshipped. The scene made people cry. At 8: 00 am on June 5438+1October 2/KLOC-0, 2004, Meizhou Mazu Golden God set out from Mazu Tempel, Meizhou Island, Putian City. Accompanied by 54 escort groups, they flew from Changle International Airport to Macau to attend the second Macau Mazu Cultural Tourism Festival. In 2005, Lien Chan and Mr. James Soong wrote inscriptions for Mazu Tempel in Meizhou: "Zhao Shen Watch on the Sea" and "Shengde Match Heaven" respectively. This is the cohesive function of Mazu belief. Nowadays, Mazu has become a symbol of peace in cross-strait trade and navigation, and a goddess of peace to unify the motherland and communicate cross-strait exchanges. This function of Mazu belief will continue to play a role until the motherland is completely unified.
2. Spread the spirit of fraternity and educate all beings to be good. The vast universe is boundless, but human beings are the masters of the universe. Although the differences in aesthetics, values and customs stem from the differences in regional, ethnic and cultural roots, as the instinct of "life", human nature's cognition of good, evil, beauty and ugliness tends to be consistent. Mazu belief has adapted to human cognition of truth, goodness and beauty in many aspects, such as helping the poor, saving lives and giving people peace and auspiciousness. This is not only a cultural exchange, but also an ideological education. "Teach, tell, talk, be rational, be righteous, take it for granted, and get through. Announce what you say; Understand it; If you understand it, you will forget it "(Zhang Junfang's Seven Signs of the Cloud). When an idea is accepted by people, education will take a back seat, and this idea (understanding of truth, goodness and beauty) will take root, blossom and bear fruit.
3. Enlighten conscience and establish the function of cherishing and returning to nature. For thousands of years, mankind has been faced with drought, flood and locust plague. When the plague is prevalent, they often pray to the gods for the hope of eliminating the disaster. Mazu's efforts to quell the tsunami, Zhang Tianshi prayed for plague, and the Dragon King prayed for rain ... People were gradually inspired by the constant prayers for the gods: all beings are equal, all things are animistic, and the Tao is natural. In recent years, protecting the ecological environment and returning to nature has become the voice of the whole world and all mankind. Who can say that there is no revelation from God?
Mazu culture-legend
Mazuge
Life legend
A: The fish is evergreen: there is a small island next to Meizhou Island. It is said that one day, when Mazu was visiting the island, he scattered vegetables on the ground. Soon, vegetables miraculously grew and blossomed everywhere. Then, grow naturally without farming every year. The local people regard fairy flowers as flowers. In the future, people will call this place "Caiziyu".
B: Pray for rain to help the people: According to legend, when Mazu was twenty-one, there was a drought in Putian, and all the people in the county said that Mazu could not save the disaster. Therefore, Yinqin County turned to Mazu for help. Mazu prayed for rain and said that it would rain heavily in Renqi. On that day, there was not a clear sky in the morning, and there was no sign of rain at all. As soon as the application time arrived, suddenly the dark clouds rolled and the rain poured down. After a long drought, the earth regained its former vitality. ?
C: It is said that one day when Mazu was alive, there was a storm at sea and Mazu wanted to cross the sea. There is a boat on the shore, but there is no paddle or canopy on it. Besides, the boatman was afraid to sail because of the heavy wind and waves. Mazu said to the boatman, just get on the boat. Have a straw mat hung on the mast as a sail at once. The ship sailed out of Shanghai, braving the wind and waves and flew away.
D: It is said that when Mazu was alive, there was a doorknob on the west side of Meizhou Island (today's Wen Jia). Once, a merchant ship was blown by a strong wind on the nearby sea and hit a rock. Sea water flooded into the cabin and was about to sink. The villagers were afraid to go to the rescue because of the wild waves. At this critical moment, Matsu Shinshou found some grass under his feet and threw it into the sea. The grass turned into a row of big sequoias, which were attached to the sinking merchant ship, so that the merchant ship was spared from sinking and the people on board were spared. ?
E: Surrender to Er Shen: According to legend, when Mazu was twenty-three, there was Er Shen in the northwest of Meizhou, one was clairvoyant and the other was clairvoyant. Er Shen frequents and harms the people. People prayed to Mazu to punish Er Shen. In order to surrender to Er Shen, Mazu went up the mountain to work with the village girls. In this way, after more than ten days, Er Shen finally appeared. When Er Shen approached, Mazu shouted loudly. Er Shen saw Mazu's great power and turned into a fire. Mazu brushed the silk handkerchief with his hand. Suddenly, the wind blew. Er Shen was confused, so he was abused. Mazu dared Er Shen not to leave the iron axe, which Er Shen could no longer afford. Two years later, Er Shen went to worship at sea again, which was very intense. Mazu used a spell to summon the wind and flying stones, leaving Er Shen with nowhere to escape. Er Shen gave in and was willing to play for Mazu, so Mazu accepted Er Shen as the general. ?
F: Flood relief: It is said that when Mazu was 26 years old, it rained continuously in the first half of that year, and Fujian and Zhejiang provinces suffered greatly from floods. At that time, local officials called in the imperial court, and the emperor made an order to pray for rain on the spot, but the prayer remained the same. The local people asked Mazu to relieve the injury. Mazu said: disasters are caused by people accumulating evil. Since the emperor intends to relieve the harm for the people, I should pray for God's forgiveness. So I burned incense and prayed, and suddenly there was a strong wind, and I saw a dragon flying away in the clouds, and the sky was clear. That year, the people also got a bumper harvest, and the people were grateful to Mazu, so the provincial officials asked the court for praise and praised Mazu. ?
G: Saving Father and Finding Brother: It is said that one autumn day when Mazu was sixteen years old, when his father and brother sailed across the sea to the north, the sea was very rough and the ship was damaged, which was in critical condition. At this time, Mazu is weaving at home. Suddenly, she closed her eyes and held the loom with all her strength. Her mother saw this and woke her up. When Mazu woke up, he accidentally dropped the shuttle to the ground. Seeing the shuttle fall to the ground, Mazu cried: Dad was saved, and my brother died! Soon someone came to report that the situation was true. After my brother fell into the sea, Mazu accompanied his mother to the seaside to look for it. Suddenly, a group of aquatic animals gathered on the rough sea, and everyone was very worried. Mazu knew that the aquarium had come to meet her on the orders of the water god. At this time, the sea became clear, and his brother's body floated up, so he transported the body back. Since then, on Mazu's birthday, before the fish gather around the cocoon at night, the dawn has dispersed, and this day has also become a day for local fishermen to rest their boats.
H: Please treat the disease: It is said that during Mazu's lifetime, the plague was prevalent in Putian, and the whole family in Yin County was also infected with the disease. Someone told Mazu in Yinxian that he has the magic power to solve problems. So Princess Yin visited Mazu personally, thinking that he was not a bad official at ordinary times, but a foreign official, told him to drink Yui with nine waters and put spells on the door. County Yin went back and followed the instructions, and recovered in a few days.
One: Catch Two Monsters: According to legend, when Mazu was alive, there were two monsters in Meizhou, Jia Ying and Jia You, who frequented and harmed the people. One day, a boatman was entangled in a monster and the boat was going to sink. When Mazu saw it, he turned into a cargo ship and went to the rescue. Jia You saw the cargo ship coming and immediately came to chase it. Mazu chanted a spell to surrender. Jiayou immediately kowtowed and pleaded guilty, and Mazu took him into Shuique Xianban. In order to subdue Jiaying, Mazu intends to walk alone on the mountain road. Jiaying thought it was just a folk beauty, so she came to invade with ulterior motives. Jia Ying saw something bad, waved his hand and Mazu ran away. After a year, Jiaying came out to harm people again. Mazu said, "If this monster does not return to the right path, it will surely shock the world." So he told the villagers to burn incense and fast, take a boat out to sea unexpectedly and surrender to Jiaying. Mazu also accepted Jia as a member of the water finch fairy class.
J: It is said that Mazu 16 years old went out to play with a group of female companions. When she was putting on makeup in the well, a man of God with a group of immortals rushed into the well with a pair of bronze symbols and gave them to her. The girlfriends were scared away when they played together, but Mazu accepted the bronze amulet and didn't doubt it. After Mazu received the bronze charm, he learned a lot, changed it, and used the charm to ward off evil spirits, making his power more and more magical, so that he could often travel around the world to save people and save lives. People call her "Goddess" and "Dragon Lady".
K: Mazu's birthday: Mazu's father, Lin Weijun (taboo), and his mother, Wang Shi, do more good deeds and accumulate virtue. But when I was in my forties, I had a boy and five girls. But I'm worried that a son can't carry on the family line, so I often burn incense and pray for another son. But the piety of the couple touched Guanyin in the South China Sea. One night, Guanyin had a dream for the king and said to him, "Your family has accumulated virtue and done good deeds. Now I will give you a pill, which is worthy of Tzu Chi's gift. " Soon, Wang became pregnant. On the evening of March 23, the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (960), when Wang was in labor, a respectable red light shone into the house from the northwest, and Mazu was born with a long sound. Because Mazu is a girl, his parents are disappointed, but Mazu was born strangely, so he loves him very much. Mazu never cried from birth to the full moon, so her parents named her Maureen. According to legend, Mazu was born in Meizhou Island.
Li: Mei Yufei was born: In the fourth year of Song Taizong, Mazu was 28 years old. The day before the Double Ninth Festival, I said to my family, "My heart is so clean that I don't want to live on earth. Tomorrow is the Double Ninth Festival, and I want to climb the mountain. Say goodbye to you in advance. " The family thought she was going to climb the mountain and overlook it, but they didn't know she was going to become an immortal. The next morning, after burning incense and chanting, Mazu bid farewell to his sisters and headed straight for the highest point of Mae Peak. At this time, there were thick clouds on the top of Meifeng Peak, and Mazu turned into a white light and went straight into the sky, leaving with the wind. Since then, Mazu has often appeared to protect the country and the people and save people from danger. The local people were grateful to her and built a temple in Mei Feng. It is said that the cliff behind the ancestral temple is where Mazu flies.
M: It is said that when Mazu was alive, there was a sea-crossing stone bridge in the west of Jiliangcheng opposite Meizhou, which was the main road for local people to travel from south to north. One day, a strange wind suddenly blew and broke all the bridge piles. At that time, the traffic was cut off and people could not pass. People thought it was Fengshen, so they prayed to Mazu to solve the problem. When Mazu visited the stone bridge, he saw a dark sky in the distance. He knew there was something strange, so he used magic to drive it away. Since then, the stone bridge has been unimpeded and harmless.
N: Gong: According to legend, when Mazu was alive, there was a monster named Gong Yan at sea, who often made waves at sea and overturned boats. One day, Mazu sailed to the East China Sea, and the monster began to make waves again. Mazu's boat rocked badly. Even if Mazu broke down, he saw a boat with a golden crown and embroidered sleeves in the waves ahead, and the god who lifted his beard and looked up was at work. Mazu quietly set off a storm to fight against it. Fearing the great power of Mazu, Duke Yan bowed down and sailed away. But the monster was dissatisfied with the divine power for a while, so he became a dragon and continued to make waves. Mazu said, "If we don't get rid of this demon, the storm will continue." He broke down in the middle and surrendered to the dragon. Mazu ordered Gong Yan to be in charge of the Shuique Xianban (* * *, a total of 18 people) to guard the boat people at sea, and later Gong Yan became the general manager of Mazu's subordinates.
O: Collecting ghosts in Korea: It is said that when Mazu was alive, there was a monster in a place called Korea. The local people suffered greatly from it and suffered from various diseases. The local people went to Mazu for medical treatment. Mazu gave the seeker a spell and told everyone to stick the spell on the patient's bedside when they returned. Knowing that the spell was powerful, the monster turned into a bird and ran away. When Mazu chased him out, he saw the bird hiding in a tree, and his mouth was still breathing black gas. Mazu read: "This monster can't stay here because it is in a troubled village." He chased and caught the bird. It turned out to be a wren. Mazu sprayed the bird with water, and the bird fell to the ground and became a pinch of dead hair. Mazu set fire to it. It turned out to be atoms. The kid knocked at the door and asked Mazu to take it in, so Mazu put it under the stage to serve.
P: crossing the river with an iron horse: It is said that one day, Mazu will cross the sea, but there is no boat. At this time, Mazu saw an iron horse hanging in front of the eaves next to him, and he had a brainwave and whipped it with a whip. Iron horses travel across the ocean to treat people on the other side. Suddenly, the iron horse disappeared without a trace, and everyone next to it was amazed at the magical power of the "Dragon Lady".
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