Detailed information about the waste of the Yellow River

The first data: /article/showarticle.asp? Articleid=55 (Yellow River graphic information)

The second message

First of all, the fifth longest river in the world

The Yellow River, the fifth longest river in the world, is a 5464-kilometer-long river winding in the north of China. From the air, it looks like a huge word "Ji" and is also a unique totem of our nation.

Second, the characterization of the Yellow River

Not just a big river. Yellow River, Yellow Land, Emperor and Yellow Peel, all these yellow appearances sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a holy river. Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the head of thousands of waters: "China has the source of all rivers, not in the four capitals, but in the river."

Third, the theory of loess weathering.

In a long geological time, in the desert Gobi in the interior of Asia, the sand everywhere is decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of rapid cooling and rapid heating until it forms powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for many years, and the coarse sand has fallen on the Mongolian plateau, and the most delicate powder has fallen to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, starting from the Great Wall in the north, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south, Sun Moon Mountain in the west and Taihang Mountain in the east.

Fourth, the deep and vast loess layer.

This is an unparalleled loess, with an area of 4 1 1,000 square kilometers, and the thickness of loess coverage is generally above 1 1,000 meters. The loess in Longdong, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places is as deep as 100 to 200 meters, and the thickness in Lanzhou is more than 300 meters.

The Garden of Eden five or six thousand years ago.

Botanists have found that although the rainfall in the Loess Plateau is not as abundant as that in the south, the leaching loss of nutrients is also less, which is very suitable for the growth of poplar, birch, oak, Chinese pine, spruce, jujube and Vitex negundo. At that time, lush vegetation gave birth to a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large areas of virgin forests. Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, is referred to as "Yu" for short. It can be seen that in the era of word-making in Cangjie, it was still a place where elephants haunted.

Six, the foundation of historical prosperity

Geologists have found that loess has excellent understanding and is suitable for digging caves to live in; Agronomists found that all kinds of minerals in loess are rich in nutrition and high in natural fertility. The ancestors gradually dug caves in this yellow land to live in and made a living by planting grain. More than 5,000 years ago, Emperor Yan and his tribe flourished, and the footprints of Chinese ancestors traveled all over the yellow land. In the days that followed, the first dynasty of China flourished here, the 800-year founding week started here, and the Qin Empire, which swept Liuhe and unified the whole country, flourished here.

Seven, the enlightenment of ancient civilization

Charred animal fossils and antler fossils were found in Houdu human activity site in Ruicheng, Shanxi, more than 6.5438+0.6 million years ago, and many carbon deposits were found in Lantian human site in Shanxi, 6.5438+0.6 million years ago.

Since then, Lantian people, Dali people, Dingcun people and Hetao people have all thrived in the embrace of the Yellow River. Until 6000 years ago, matriarchal clan culture represented by Banpo civilization appeared on the yellow land.

Our ancestors hunted and gathered in such a green field and spent the golden childhood of Chinese civilization.

VIII. Historical account of achievements in transforming nature

It is indeed the first place to bathe in the light of civilization, and it must be the first place to be touched by the fire of civilization. According to ancient legends, Shennong once taught people to grow crops. What is intriguing is that Shennong is Emperor Yan, that is, Vulcan, and what he teaches is actually burning forests for farming.

Mencius recorded the "merits" of the three emperors and five emperors burning the forest: "When Yao was in power ... vegetation was flourishing, animals were breeding, crops were not growing, animals were threatening ... Yao was the only one who was worried, and he handled it well. Use fire well. " When the mountain burned down, the animals all ran away. "

In the Book of Songs, we heard the ancestors chanting when they cut down trees: "Kan Kan cut sandalwood, the river is dry, the river is clear, and the blue waves are rippling." "Logging jingles and birds sing."

Nine, the loess plateau vegetation suffered heavy losses for the first time.

When the first emperor unified the six countries, a large number of people entered Guanzhong, and the reclamation area increased greatly. At the same time, large-scale construction, the construction of the palace mausoleum, wantonly cut down the Guanzhong mountain forest. In the thirty-third year of the First Emperor (2 14 BC), Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu and gained a large area of land in Hetao. Later, he settled in other places to defend the border and immigrated to the Ordos Plateau many times, with hundreds of thousands of people each time. The originally endless grassland has become a farming area.

Ten, the loess plateau forest suffered heavy losses for the second time.

During the Western Han Dynasty, the population of China surged to 60 million. Developing northwest immigrants has become the main means to solve the pressure of population expansion. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty alone, more than 700,000 people moved to the northwest frontier fortress. The Western Han Dynasty drove the Huns to the distant Mobei, and turned large areas of forests and pastoral areas into agricultural areas. The irrigation project of diverting water from the Yellow River developed in Hetao during the Western Han Dynasty was at the cost of great damage to the forests of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi.

Eleven, the loess plateau forest was hit hard for the third time.

At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, the economy recovered rapidly. Because the center of its economy, trade and foreign affairs is biased towards the northwest, the farmland reclamation in the northwest is very vivid. The forest and pastoral areas in the Loess Plateau have reclaimed large areas of farmland and cultivated hundreds of thousands of mu. There are 200-300 mu of cultivated land, which is extensively planted and the harvest is not good, causing extensive damage to vegetation.

Chang 'an, the central city of the Yellow Land in Tang Dynasty. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength reached its peak, and the scale of the capital was of course unprecedented, consuming countless Woods. As far as Chang 'an is concerned, in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to logging in nearby mountainous areas such as Baoji, Meixian, Zhouzhi and Huxian, it also went as far away as Qishan and Longshan, and then went to Lanzhou (now Lanxian) and Shengzhou (now Ordos Plateau in Inner Mongolia) to purchase.

Twelve, the loess plateau forest suffered heavy losses for the fourth time.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, had to go to Luliang Mountain for logging because the mountains in the north and south of the Yellow River near Luoyang had long been cut down. At that time, the forest area in the upper reaches of Weihe River was also robbed. According to historical records, just after the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Qin and the Dragon were heavily divided. Forests in Qinling, Ziwuling and Luoshan in Shaanxi, Helan and Pan Da in Ningxia, Zhao He and Longnan in Gansu have been destroyed one after another. In the Song Dynasty, officials and merchants collected more than 10,000 trees from Longshan between Shaanxi and Gansu every year, which made the good trees in Kaifeng city pile up at that time, and the wood collected and sold by private businessmen was countless.

Thirteen. The forest on the Loess Plateau was hit hard for the fifth time.

The Ming dynasty attached great importance to the northwest, paying attention to farming, raising the army and mobilizing the people with the army. At that time, "the fields are all over the world" and "the northwest is the most". When I was stationed near Yanmen and Pianguan Great Wall in the early Ming Dynasty, the mountains were steep and the trees were lush, "people couldn't ride in". By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, high officials and dignitaries, border guards and local residents in Beijing began to cut down trees. "Hundreds of households are in groups, and thousands of people are neighbors. They cannot be rushed, but they cannot be banned." More than one million trees are trafficked to Beijing every year alone.

Fourteen, the loess plateau forest suffered heavy losses for the sixth time.

After Manchu entered the customs, the population increased from 80 million to 200 million in just a few decades. North China and Jiangnan are overcrowded, so a large number of refugees spontaneously flock to the northwest. The Loess Plateau has once again become the hardest hit area. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were towering trees in Qilian Mountain and Liupanshan Mountain, which were completely bare mountains at this time.

After 15.6 thousand years, the forest has dropped from 69% to 6%.

Today, 6000 years later, the forest has dropped from 69% to 6%, becoming a veritable loess. Loess itself is loose in the soil, without any anti-scourability, and completely depends on the protection of ground vegetation and its roots. Plants play the most important role in soil and water conservation, followed by grassland, and crops are almost zero. For thousands of years, we have been leveling natural vegetation with protective ability and replacing it with crops without protective ability.

Sixteen, alas! Yellow River!

Oh! For thousands of years, we have destroyed the natural vegetation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with knives and axes and wars. Alas, countless magnificent temples built with trees have been cut down, but now they are safe and sound?

The yellow land is deep and fragile. Because of its loose soil and fine particles, once the vegetation is destroyed, soil erosion is extremely serious. Soon we heard a sigh: "Initiating the River Clearing, what is the geometry of life?"

17. Gully depth of vegetation destruction in the Loess Plateau.

At present, there are more than 300,000 gullies on the plateau with the length exceeding 1km, and there are countless branch gullies and hair gullies below 1km. The final destination of gullies is the Yellow River, which continuously cuts the Loess Plateau and becomes the main source of sediment in the Yellow River.

Eighteen, the loess plateau vegetation destruction, ecological environment is not what it used to be.

Walking in what we call the Loess Plateau today, there are all rugged, cracked and broken loess in front of us, without trees or even grass. How many people have deeply lamented: How could our ancestors have such a splendid civilization in such a harsh natural environment?

What they didn't realize was that green was the main color here until 6000 years ago, when the forest coverage rate was as high as 69%.

Nineteen, a rainstorm terrain change

With the decrease of vegetation coverage, the river ditches on the plateau are strongly cut, extending upward, and at the same time, both sides are widened, and branch ditches develop, and branch ditches develop into hair ditches. Such a change often takes only a few years, months, days or even a rainstorm, so the Loess Plateau is also known as the region with the fastest terrain change in the world.

20. Of the 65438+600 million tons of sediment dumped every year, 90% comes from the Loess Plateau.

Every year, 654.38+0.6 billion tons of sediment is dumped, 90% of which comes from these gullies on the Loess Plateau. Every year,1.60 billion tons of soil is lost, not only to dye a river shocking yellow. It went down with the water, silted up the lake, washed away the hills, raised the riverbed and washed away the plains.

In 2013, there were two breaches, and there was a great diversion in a hundred years.

The Yellow River is becoming more and more tyrannical. "Every three years, it burst its banks twice, and every hundred years, it changed its course." Finally, the mother river became "the worry of China". Fighting the Yellow River flood has become a top priority in the Central Plains.

Twenty-two, guarding the Yellow River water shortage, Zhengzhou can be a model for the middle reaches.

Zhengzhou was originally prospered by water. Adjacent to the Yellow River, Jia Luhe, Xiong 'er River and Jinshui pass through the city. However, with the great development of industry and agriculture, pollution is becoming more and more serious, water diversion channels are criss-crossing, and the three rivers that once flowed endlessly have dried up. By the 1970s, Zhengzhou had completely relied on the Yellow River for water supply.

Twenty-three, Shandong lacks water, and the closer it is to the Yellow River, the more water is lacking.

The situation of water resources in Shandong is even more tense. Population and cultivated land account for 7.2% and 7.3% of the country respectively, while the total water resources only account for 1.2% of the country. The per capita water resource is only 300 cubic meters, which is 13.3% of the national average. Each hectare of cultivated land occupies 4560 cubic meters of water, accounting for 17.3% of the national total. However, the closer to the Yellow River, the more water resources are in short supply. The runoff in the Yellow River area has dropped to only 60mm, and it is only 25mm in Linqing and guanxian areas in the northwest of Shandong.

Folk stories related to the Yellow River:

Legend has it that a long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It runs as it pleases, like a grinning monster, roaring day and night, devouring fertile land. Bite Chung Shan Man, the Hui people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a slash-and-burn life at the top of the mountain and at the bottom of the ditch.

At that time, Ningxia was not a plain bordered by Ma Pingchuan, but green mountains and valleys. There is no flat field, and no field can be irrigated with Yellow River water.

Legend has it that there are several families living in Niushou Mountain who return to the Han family. They carry water at the foot of the mountain and farm at the top of the mountain for generations. All ages are busy, but they don't have enough to eat and don't wear warm clothes. For a long time, no one could stand this torture.

One year, a 70-year-old Hui Hui man named Del opened a melon garden on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. He gets up early every day and goes to the Yellow River to fetch water and water cucumbers. His shoulders are swollen and his feet are skinned. He carefully cultivated cucumbers, and the yellow ones looked tender and sweet.

On this day, the old man was tired and fell asleep at the gate of the vegetable garden.

As soon as he fell asleep, he dreamed that there was a white cloud floating in the sky. Gradually, Baiyun became an imam with a white beard, shook his silver beard and said to the old man, "There are two strong winds today, so you should pay attention. There is a yellow wind at noon, which can make cucumbers wither; There is a black wind in the afternoon, which can make cucumber stems fall off. No matter how windy it is, don't pick cucumbers.

When the old man woke up, he saw that the white-bearded imam had disappeared, but he saw that the yellow wind in the north was overwhelming and suddenly blew to Niushou Mountain. The old man looked at the cucumbers carefully, and sure enough, they faded one by one. He was very sad. A year's efforts were in vain, but the thought of the white-bearded imam stopped him.

In the afternoon, a black wind blew, shaking the mountains and dropping leaves layer by layer. When the old man saw that the cucumber was about to fall to the ground, he was very angry. He picked a cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. The Yellow River immediately broke a line. As if he had been cut by a fairy with a knife, he clearly saw the bottom of the river. When the old man Gerd swooped down, the river suddenly joined again. The old man was tired and hungry, sitting on the river bank, blinking, and the golden flower danced wildly, knowing nothing.

At this time, the old man in Del heard the white-bearded imam say, "This cucumber is the key to conquering the Yellow River. You can cut off the Yellow River and make it listen to people. But now the Yellow River is called Yellow Wind and Black Wind, and these two Iberians are suffering. Don't be impatient, be patient and work harder. Next year, you plant another cucumber garden. When the cucumber is ripe, you pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. At that time, you walked into the cave at the bottom of the river, took off the gems, took away the seeds of the grain, and had a sword to cut the dragon and the devil and tame the Yellow River. Wherever it is referred to, the Yellow River water will flow. "

The next year, the hardworking old man Gerd planted another cucumber garden. He is not afraid of the long journey, and he does not hesitate to sweat like rain, carrying water from the Yellow River to water melons. Everything comes to him who waits. Finally, a three-foot cucumber grows in the garden, which looks like a key. The old man happily slept in the melon garden for a day and a night until the melon was ripe.

On this day, the weather was fine, without a cloud. Old man Wilder picked a three-foot cucumber, read "Taismi" and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, I only heard the roar of the Yellow River, and I opened a long crack. All the stones at the bottom of the river are clearly visible. When the old man went down to the bottom of the river, he saw a hole near the river bank, where pearls and agates were everywhere. The old man took some and just left, he heard the storm whistling. At that time, the waves on the river rolled and the waves became higher and higher. The old man Gerd picked up his sword and cut dozens of swords on the left and right sides of the black whirlwind and the yellow whirlwind. After a while, black wind and yellow wind blew in the sky.

At this time, the faults of the Yellow River gradually tightened. Del's old man remembered the command of the white-bearded imam, and this sword could conquer the Yellow River. He knew very well, and he thought, I want the Yellow River to fill ditches and level mountains. Holding two swords, the old man plunged into the Yellow River, and the water in the Yellow River stopped flowing at once, as if a Great Wall had been blocked in front, but it was still rising steadily, which was really scary from a distance.

Three days later, from Liupanshan in the south to Helan Mountain in the west, there was water everywhere, leaving only a few mountain tips. Only then, the old man, Gerd, drew his sword and told the Yellow River to flow forward.

Since then, Ningxia, a deep mountain valley, has become Ma Pingchuan, and the Hui people living on both sides of the Yellow River have dug ditches for farmland with hard-working hands and lived a happy life.

Myths and legends:

Dayu had three treasures when he governed the Yellow River. One is the river map; The second is a mountain axe; The third is to avoid water swords. Legend has it that the river map was given to Dayu by Hebo, the water god of the Yellow River.

In ancient times, there was a man named Feng Yi in Huayin General Township. He feels uncomfortable farming, but he is bent on becoming an immortal. He heard that people can become immortals after drinking the juice of daffodils for one hundred days. So I looked everywhere for daffodils.

Before Dayu harnessed water, the Yellow River flowed to the Central Plains. There is no fixed channel, it flows everywhere and is often flooded. There are seven strands and eight roads on the ground, and the branches in the ditch are all yellow river water. Feng Yi ran around looking for daffodils, often crossing, crossing and dealing with the Yellow River. Ninety-nine days passed in the blink of an eye, and then I found a daffodil and sucked the juice of the daffodil for a day, so I could become an immortal. Feng Yi was so proud that he crossed the Yellow River and went to a small village to look for daffodils. The water here is not deep. Feng Yi waded across the river and reached the middle of it. Suddenly, the river rose. He panicked, slipped, fell into the Yellow River and was drowned alive.

After Feng Yi's death, she was full of grievances and resentments and hated the Yellow River, so she went to the Jade Emperor to sue the Yellow River. The Jade Emperor was also annoyed when he heard that the Yellow River was undisciplined and wandering around, endangering the people. Seeing that Feng Yi had been sucking the juice of daffodils for ninety-nine days, it was time to become an immortal. He asked Feng Yi if he would be the water god of the Yellow River and govern it. Feng Yi was overjoyed. Full of promises. Now I can realize my dream of becoming an immortal, and secondly I can avenge my drowning.

Feng Yi became the water god of the Yellow River and was called Hebo. He has never been involved in water control, and suddenly assumed the responsibility of managing the Yellow River, helpless and worried. What should we do? I have no magic weapon, so I have to ask the Jade Emperor for advice. The Jade Emperor told him that to manage the Yellow River well, we must first find out the water conditions of the Yellow River and draw a river map. Based on the river map of the Yellow River, it will be much easier to control the Yellow River.

Hebo, according to the instructions of the Jade Emperor, was bent on drawing a river map. He went to his hometown first and wanted to ask the villagers for help. Everyone in the village hated his idleness and his work, and no one answered him. He found the old man in the village and expressed his great ambition to govern the Yellow River. When the old man saw that he was now a fairy and wanted to do something good for the people, he promised to help him. From then on, Hebo and later old people came and went in the rain, wading through mountains and rivers to see the Yellow River water regime. After running for several years, the old man was tired. After the old man only went back, the rest of Hebo continued to check the water situation along the Yellow River. When we parted, the old man repeatedly told Hebo that the director should go all the way and not give up halfway. After drawing the map, he began to manage the Yellow River, and there was not enough manpower. He persuaded the villagers to help.

It is a hard job to check the water regime and draw a river map. By the time Hebo finished drawing the river map, he was old and weak. Hebo looked at the river map, where the Yellow River is deep and shallow; Where it is easy to explode, it is easy to explode; Where to dig and where to block; Where the water can be cut off and where the flood can be discharged are clearly drawn. I can only sigh that I have no strength to manage the Yellow River according to the map, which is very sad. Hebo thought that one day someone would come to harness the Yellow River. It will be worthwhile to give him the river map then.

Hebo spent his old age under the Yellow River and never appeared again. Unexpectedly, the Yellow River overflowed again and again. People know that the Jade Emperor sent Hebo to control water, but they didn't see him. They all scold Hebo for not doing his duty, regardless of whether people live or die.

The old man hasn't seen Hebo for several years after waiting for him every day in his hospital bed. He is uneasy about managing the Yellow River and wants to find Hebo. His son's name is Yi, and he shot every shot. No matter what the old man says, Yi won't let him go to Hebo. Later, the old man did not listen to his son's dissuasion. As a result, he met a breach in the Yellow River, was washed away and drowned, and even the body was not found. Hou Yi hated Hebo's guts and gnashed his teeth, saying that Hebo would be shot sooner or later.

Later, Dayu came out to control water, and Hebo decided to give him the map of the Yellow River.

On this day, Hebo heard that Dayu came to the Yellow River with an axe and a sword to avoid water, so he came out from the bottom with a river map to look for Dayu. Hebo and Dayu have never met before, and neither of them knows each other. Hebo walked for a long time and was so tired that he wanted to have a rest. He saw a young man crossing the river. This young man is a hero. He must be Dayu. Hebo shouted and asked, "Hello, who are you?"

The young man on the other side is not Dayu, but Hou Yi. He looked up, and on the other side of the river, a saint-like old man was asking loudly, "Who are you?"

Hebo said loudly, "I'm Hebo. Are you Dayu? "

When Hou Yi heard that it was Hebo, he immediately rushed to his heart and sneered, "I am Dayu." Said the bow and arrow, don't ask, don't indiscriminate, "sou" an arrow, hit Hebo's left eye. Hebo pulled an arrow on his eye, and he was sweating with pain. He cursed in his heart: "Damn prison, how unreasonable!" The more he thought about it, the more angry he became, and he tore up the water map. Just then, there was a loud shout: "Hebo! Don't tear the picture. " Hebo barely looked at it with his right eye. On the other side, a man in a hat stopped Hou Yi. This man is Dayu. He knew that Hebo had painted a picture of the Yellow River and was going to ask Hebo for advice. Hou Yi pushed Dayu away and tried to draw a bow and arrow. Dayu grabbed him desperately and told Hebo about the hardships of painting. Hou Yi regretted his recklessness and shot Hebo in the left eye.

Hou Yi and Dayu crossed the river together. Hou Yi admitted his mistake to Hebo. Hebo knew that Hou Yi was the old man's son and didn't blame him. Dayu said to Hebo, "I'm Dayu, and I've come to ask you for advice on how to manage the Yellow River."

Hebo said: "My heart and blood and the method of river management are all on this picture, and I will give them to you now."

Look at Dayu's exhibition map, which is dense and dense, and draws the water situation of the Yellow River clearly. Dayu was extremely happy. He wants to thank Hebo. Looking up, Hebo jumped into the Yellow River and disappeared.

Dayu got the hydrological map of the Yellow River and kept it around the clock. According to the instructions on the map, he finally managed to control the Yellow River.

1, serious pollution, shortage of water resources, excessive sediment (less water and more sediment), uneven distribution in time and space, and serious over-exploitation of groundwater in some areas.

2. Originated at the foot of bayan har, Qinghai Province; Inject into Bohai Sea; The total length of the main stream is 5464 kilometers; It flows through Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces.

As the saying goes, jumping into the Yellow River can't wash it clearly.