What is the relationship between Mongolia and China in history?

The Khitans in Liao Dynasty occupied grasslands. In the original territory of China, there are today's southern Inner Mongolia, northwestern Shanxi and Hebei; Generally speaking, the activity direction of the Khitan people is mainly to continue to expand on the grassland, but according to some maps of China, it is only a part of the Khitan Empire. Although the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty were hostile, it was actually a stagnant confrontation because of the stalemate between the two sides. Song was only one of several countries in the same period, but in China itself, the Song people were indeed a dynasty that ruled China with China people.

Jurchen rose from the northeast and challenged the Khitan, but did not get all the territory and sphere of influence of the Khitan. In China, the Nuzhen rulers ruled the northern part of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, and most of China's territory was still under the control of the Southern Song Dynasty. As mentioned earlier, the territorial development of Liao and Kim Jae Jung countries is semi-colonial. They obtained resources from China, which helped to establish grassland empire, but it was not their only territory; Their development direction is still on the vast grassland, and part of China is only a part of their territory. Hometown is the base area, and the conquered Han land is the newly acquired territory: China and the grassland empire overlap but are not the same.

Yuan was a conquered dynasty.

Regarding the relationship between the Mongolian Empire established by Genghis Khan and China, Xiao Qiqing believes that this is a conquered dynasty, not a China dynasty. His opinion is right. The vast empire established by Genghis Khan extends to Northeast Asia in the east, parts of Central Asia and the Middle East in the west, and most parts of the Indian Peninsula in the south. The Great Khan of Mongolia was recommended by several feudal khanates, with * * * as the Lord. At first, Genghis Khan's eldest sons owned their own land, which was called the Four Great Khan Kingdom. According to Mongolian custom, China's so-called "belly" and the old base area in the eastern part of Mongolian grassland are managed by the youngest son, Tuo Lei. In addition to the five major territories, some small khanates were enfeoffed, and many changes have taken place in the original four khanates after two or three generations of separation and integration. All parts of the Great Khan in Mongolia gradually merged with the indigenous inhabitants of the enfeoffment countries, accepted their culture and accommodated local elites. In this pluralistic, * * * big group, although China has been completely conquered by Mongolia, it is only a fifth or even a smaller part of the Mongolian khanate.

Tuo Lei has China and "belly" in his system, but he hasn't become the head of the family yet. Repeated election sweating, often sweating in other systems, gained the status of sweating. Kublai Khan once competed with the western khanate for the position of Khan. He claims to be Khan, and there is no legal recommendation. Therefore, the western khanate, together with Kublai Khan, cannot go beyond its own territory. He had a fierce dispute with the sea king in the west; Haidu has the territory of Xinjiang today, which just blocked the traffic between the eastern territory and the western territory of the Mongolian Empire.

Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu

Kublai Khan's establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in China is tantamount to its own pattern. The part ruled by Han can be called "China", and his dynasty can be a part of China dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty ended in the history of China. However, the Mongols were not replaced by China in the old days. After yuan or north yuan, continue to exist. In the Ming Dynasty, an east-west side wall was built between China and Mongolia, namely the Great Wall of Wan Li. Many people think that the Great Wall was a frontier fortress built during the Qin Shihuang period. In fact, the boundary line drawn by the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty is farther south than that in Qin and Han Dynasties.

If we look at the Great Mongolian Empire and the Yuan Dynasty after Kublai Khan separately, the history of most areas conquered by Mongolia is not in China. China people can't bear the consequences of Mongolian conquest for themselves; There is no need to regard the Yuan Dynasty after Kublai Khan as a history outside China.

"Dualistic" Rule in Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty ruled China, and quite a few inherited the way Liao and Jin ruled the north. Although, at first, they planned to turn the whole China into a huge pasture; Later, they learned that the natural environment in most parts of China was not suitable for grazing, so they gave up this policy. Finally, the government of the Yuan Dynasty gradually inclined to dualistic rule. On the one hand, "contracted troops" from different sources were stationed in China to maintain the control of the conquerors; On the other hand, it continued the traditional county system of China people, accepted the laws of China to a certain extent, and ruled China. This dual system was also implemented in Liao and Jin Dynasties, but China in Yuan Dynasty and China were all under this dual system after the demise of Southern Song Dynasty.

Let's talk about the population structure of China in Yuan Dynasty. The policy of the Jin dynasty once moved a large number of Han Chinese to the northeast, that is, the hometown of Nuzhen, to make up for the shortage of labor for its men to fight abroad. Jurchen samurai, with the system of fierce security and defense, are stationed all over China; Compared with the Han people who moved to the northeast mentioned above, those Nuzhen and Grassland people under the jurisdiction of Wan Hu Prefecture are equivalent to the exchange of population at home and abroad. In China in the Yuan Dynasty, there were also a large number of "conscripts", some from grasslands, some from the western regions, and even the local population in the Middle East today. For example, the recent Crimean incident near Ukraine, when a part of the population there was distributed and guarded near the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, was called "Asuwei". In Yunnan today, there are many Muslims who believe in Islam. They are also descendants of the "Signing Army" who entered China from the Middle East and the Near East.

National assimilation is also one of the situations that change the population structure. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, there were many local forces of the Han people, which were not under the jurisdiction of China and formed their own forces. Liao and Jin incorporated these armed forces and gave them titles such as "Gong" and "Marshal". The Yuan Dynasty inherited this tradition. Only from Hebei and Shandong to Dongping, there are more than ten "marshals" of the Han army who have cooperated with the conquerors for a long time. As long as the conquerors do not enter their areas, they are also willing to follow the conquerors to participate in the task of the southern expedition. These Han people in Hu Hua, who are between Hu and Han, are another kind of people with vague attribution.

In addition to the population migrating due to political factors, there are also people between Mongolia and Central Asia and the Middle East. Because of trade, Persians, Arabs and Jews (known as "Shang Hu" in China) moved into China in large numbers. Today, there are some families in Yangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou, the southern trading ports, who are descendants of these Hu merchants. Through the same trade route, many Han people also entered Southeast Asia because of trade, and even crossed Malacca and entered the Indian Ocean. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zheng He went to the Western Seas, and almost everywhere he went, there were China communities. They didn't start to migrate until the Ming dynasty; Those early immigrants may have moved into the vast sea area in the Yuan Dynasty.

The war has brought about great changes in population distribution.

In the process of conquering Jurchen and Mongolia, not only a large number of soldiers died in the war, but also many civilians were killed or injured. Genghis Khan's conquest killed more people than in the Jurchen era. At the beginning of its rise, it annexed other ethnic groups on the grassland, but it killed less and collected more, which made its tribal army expand continuously. However, in the process of many expeditions to the west and the conquest of China south, people kept killing. Mongolian fighters killed Li Wei; If a city cannot be captured for a long time, then after the city is breached, there will be a massacre. The flower thorn submodule broke the city and hundreds of thousands of people died. In the war of Mongolian conquest, no fewer than twenty or thirty cities were completely slaughtered. The chaos brought by war, as well as disease and hunger, will cause a large number of deaths. Therefore, as far as the war itself is concerned, the death toll from the expansion of Jurchen and Mongolia will not be less than tens of millions.

The era of Mongolian expansion happened to be the era of the Black Death in Europe. In Europe, the Black Death lasted for 300 years, reducing the population of Europe by more than one third. The Long March and garrison of Mongolian army, as well as the movement of a large number of soldiers, brought the Black Death to the grasslands in northern China and the headquarters in China. Mongolian troops attacked the city, and it is said that the sick and dead bodies were thrown into the siege with slings, causing a large number of deaths in the city. When the two armies meet, the germs of the dead and wounded often make both sides feel sick at the same time.

This 300-year-old plague caused a large number of deaths in densely populated areas. Later, because of the Mongolian Empire, the traffic with the East was relatively smooth both by land and sea, and the disease spread by sea and commercial routes. There is no Black Death in the East. After the great plague, countless people died. The total cannot be calculated. Just from the figures of the total population, comparing the population of Song and Ming Dynasties with that of Liao, Jin and Mongolia in the same period, when the population of Northern Song Dynasty was the largest, together with the population of Qidan, the total had exceeded 100 million. When China was founded in the Ming Dynasty, it was only about 670 million, a decrease of more than one third.

After Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, at least three times, the war in the north of China continued, forcing many people from the Central Plains and the north to gradually move south. In the Jingkang era, which was the most drastic change, and later in the Southern Song Dynasty, the population of the South increased by more than two or three times in the past hundred years. The population in the north of Huaihe River, even with the nationalities migrated by conquerors, is only about one third of that in the south. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the transfer of population center caused a one-sided situation in the south, and the population density in the south was much higher than that in the north. These inward migration of Han people also made the population structure present a completely different form. As mentioned earlier, at the peak of the Northern Song Dynasty, the population probably exceeded 100 million. When Kublai Khan conquered the Southern Song Dynasty, the population of the Southern Song Dynasty was only about 70 million to 80 million, while that of the Northern Song Dynasty was only 20 million to 30 million. The difference between north and south has not reversed. This time, the population composition of the north and the south of China is mixed, and new population enters, resulting in a completely different population structure from the past. If we study human genes and reconstruct the population differences between the north and the south of China, we must understand that all these differences are caused by the drastic changes in gene distribution on the basis of this large-scale population migration.